Abstract

The wavelength dependence and the structural dependence of leakage loss and group velocity dispersion (GVD) in air-core photonic bandgap fibers (PBGFs) are numerically investigated by using a full-vector finite element method. It is shown that at least seventeen rings of arrays of air holes are required in the cladding region to reduce the leakage losses to a level of 0.1 dB/km in 1.55-µm wavelength range even if using large air holes of the diameter to pitch ratio of 0.9 and that the leakage losses in air-core PBGFs decrease drastically with increasing the hole diameter to pitch ratio. Moreover, it is shown that the waveguide GVD and dispersion slope of air-core PBGFs are much larger than those of conventional silica fibers and that the shape of air-core region greatly affects the leakage losses and the dispersion properties.

©2003 Optical Society of America

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  1. J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S.E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 5, 305–330 (1999).
    [Crossref]
  2. T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, B.J. Mangan, and P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic crystal fibers: An endless variety,” IEICE Trans. Electron. E84-C, 585–592 (2001).
  3. J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, and D.M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding,” Opt. Lett. 21, 1547–1549 (1996).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, and P.St.J. Russell, “Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. J.C. Knight, J. Broeng, T.A. Birks, and P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fiber,” Science 282, 1476–1478 (1998).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. R.F. Cregan, B.J. Mangan, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, P.J. Roberts, and D.C. Allan,“Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. J. Broeng, S.E. Barkou, T. Søndergaard, and A. Bjarklev, “Analysis of air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers,” Opt. Lett. 25, 96–98 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  8. F. Benabid, J.C. Knight, G. Antonopoulos, and P.St.J. Russell, “Stimulated Raman scattering in hydrogen-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber,” Science 298, 399–402 (2002).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. D.G. Ouzouno, F.R. Ahmad, D. Müller, N. Venkataraman, M.T. Gallagher, M.G. Thomas, J. Silcox, K.W. Koch, and A.L. Gaeta, “Generation of megawatt optical solitons in hollow-core photonic bang-gap fibers,” Science 301, 1702–1704 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  10. T.P. White, R.C. McPhedran, C.M. de Sterke, L.C. Botten, and M.J. Steel, “Confinement losses in microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 26, 1660–1662 (2001).
    [Crossref]
  11. B.T. Kuhlmey, R.C. McPhedran, C.M. de Sterke, P.A. Robinson, G. Renversez, and D. Maystre, “Microstructured optical fibers: where’s the edge?,” Opt. Express 10, 1285–1290 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-22-1285
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  13. B. Kuhlmey, G. Renversez, and D. Maystre, “Chromatic dispersion and losses of microstructured optical fibers,” Appl. Opt. 42, 634–639 (2003).
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  14. K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, T. Hasegawa, and E. Sasaoka, “Chromatic dispersion control in photonic crystal fibers: application to ultra-flattened dispersion,” Opt. Express 11, 843–852 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-8-843
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  16. K. Saitoh and M. Koshiba, “Confinement losses in air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15, 236–238 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  17. N.A. Issa, A. Argyros, M.A. van Eijkelenborg, and J. Zagari, “Identifying hollow waveguide guidance in air-cored microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Express 9, 996–1001 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-9-996
    [Crossref]
  18. S.G. Johnson, M. Ibanescu, M. Skorobogatiy, O. Weisberg, T.D. Engeness, M. Soljačić, S.A. Jacobs, J.D. Joannopoulos, and Y. Fink, “Low-loss asymptotically single-mode propagation in large-core OmniGuide fibers,” Opt. Express 9, 748–779 (2001), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-9-13-748
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  19. S.G. Johnson, M. Ibanescu, M.A. Skorobogatiy, O. Weisberg, J.D. Joannopoulos, and Y. Fink, “Perturbation theory for Maxwell’s equations with shifting material boundaries,” Phys. Rev. E65, 066611 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  20. M. Skorobogatiy, S.A. Jacobs, S.G. Johnson, and Y. Fink, “Geometric variations in high index-contrast waveguides, coupled mode theory in curvilinear coordinates,” Opt. Express 10, 1227–1243 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-21-1227
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  21. T.D. Engeness, M. Ibanescu, S.G. Johnson, O. Weisberg, M. Skorobogatiy, S. Jacobs, and Y. Fink, “Dispersion tailoring and compensation by modal interactions in OmniGuide fibers,” Opt. Express 11, 1175–1196 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-10-1175
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. K. Saitoh and M. Koshiba, “Full-vectorial imaginary-distance beam propagation method based on finite element scheme: Application to photonic crystal fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 927–933 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  23. M. Koshiba and Y. Tsuji, “Curvilinear hybrid edge/nodal elements with triangular shape for guided-wave problems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 18, 737–743 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  24. M. Koshiba and K. Saitoh, “Numerical verification of degeneracy in hexagonal photonic crystal fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13, 1313–1315 (2001).
    [Crossref]
  25. J.A. Weat, N. Venkataraman, C.M. Smith, and M.T. Gallagher, “Photonic crystal fibers,” Proc. European Conf. Opt. Commun., Th.A.2.2 (2001).
  26. G. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Academic Press (San Diego, CA), 2dn Edition (1995).

2003 (7)

D.G. Ouzouno, F.R. Ahmad, D. Müller, N. Venkataraman, M.T. Gallagher, M.G. Thomas, J. Silcox, K.W. Koch, and A.L. Gaeta, “Generation of megawatt optical solitons in hollow-core photonic bang-gap fibers,” Science 301, 1702–1704 (2003).
[Crossref]

B. Kuhlmey, G. Renversez, and D. Maystre, “Chromatic dispersion and losses of microstructured optical fibers,” Appl. Opt. 42, 634–639 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, T. Hasegawa, and E. Sasaoka, “Chromatic dispersion control in photonic crystal fibers: application to ultra-flattened dispersion,” Opt. Express 11, 843–852 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-8-843
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Renversez, B. Kuhlmey, and R. McPhedran, “Dispersion management with microstructured optical fibers: ultraflattened chromatic dispersion with low losses,” Opt. Lett. 28, 989–991 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Saitoh and M. Koshiba, “Confinement losses in air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15, 236–238 (2003).
[Crossref]

N.A. Issa, A. Argyros, M.A. van Eijkelenborg, and J. Zagari, “Identifying hollow waveguide guidance in air-cored microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Express 9, 996–1001 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-9-996
[Crossref]

T.D. Engeness, M. Ibanescu, S.G. Johnson, O. Weisberg, M. Skorobogatiy, S. Jacobs, and Y. Fink, “Dispersion tailoring and compensation by modal interactions in OmniGuide fibers,” Opt. Express 11, 1175–1196 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-10-1175
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (5)

2001 (4)

2000 (2)

1999 (2)

R.F. Cregan, B.J. Mangan, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, P.J. Roberts, and D.C. Allan,“Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S.E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 5, 305–330 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

J.C. Knight, J. Broeng, T.A. Birks, and P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fiber,” Science 282, 1476–1478 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1997 (1)

1996 (1)

Agrawal, G.

G. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Academic Press (San Diego, CA), 2dn Edition (1995).

Ahmad, F.R.

D.G. Ouzouno, F.R. Ahmad, D. Müller, N. Venkataraman, M.T. Gallagher, M.G. Thomas, J. Silcox, K.W. Koch, and A.L. Gaeta, “Generation of megawatt optical solitons in hollow-core photonic bang-gap fibers,” Science 301, 1702–1704 (2003).
[Crossref]

Allan, D.C.

R.F. Cregan, B.J. Mangan, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, P.J. Roberts, and D.C. Allan,“Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Antonopoulos, G.

F. Benabid, J.C. Knight, G. Antonopoulos, and P.St.J. Russell, “Stimulated Raman scattering in hydrogen-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber,” Science 298, 399–402 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Argyros, A.

N.A. Issa, A. Argyros, M.A. van Eijkelenborg, and J. Zagari, “Identifying hollow waveguide guidance in air-cored microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Express 9, 996–1001 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-9-996
[Crossref]

Atkin, D.M.

Barkou, S.E.

J. Broeng, S.E. Barkou, T. Søndergaard, and A. Bjarklev, “Analysis of air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers,” Opt. Lett. 25, 96–98 (2000).
[Crossref]

J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S.E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 5, 305–330 (1999).
[Crossref]

Benabid, F.

F. Benabid, J.C. Knight, G. Antonopoulos, and P.St.J. Russell, “Stimulated Raman scattering in hydrogen-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber,” Science 298, 399–402 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Birks, T.A.

T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, B.J. Mangan, and P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic crystal fibers: An endless variety,” IEICE Trans. Electron. E84-C, 585–592 (2001).

R.F. Cregan, B.J. Mangan, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, P.J. Roberts, and D.C. Allan,“Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J.C. Knight, J. Broeng, T.A. Birks, and P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fiber,” Science 282, 1476–1478 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, and P.St.J. Russell, “Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, and D.M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding,” Opt. Lett. 21, 1547–1549 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bjarklev, A.

J. Broeng, S.E. Barkou, T. Søndergaard, and A. Bjarklev, “Analysis of air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers,” Opt. Lett. 25, 96–98 (2000).
[Crossref]

J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S.E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 5, 305–330 (1999).
[Crossref]

Botten, L.C.

Broeng, J.

J. Broeng, S.E. Barkou, T. Søndergaard, and A. Bjarklev, “Analysis of air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers,” Opt. Lett. 25, 96–98 (2000).
[Crossref]

J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S.E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 5, 305–330 (1999).
[Crossref]

J.C. Knight, J. Broeng, T.A. Birks, and P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fiber,” Science 282, 1476–1478 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cregan, R.F.

R.F. Cregan, B.J. Mangan, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, P.J. Roberts, and D.C. Allan,“Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cucinotta, A.

de Sterke, C.M.

Engeness, T.D.

Ferrarini, D.

Fink, Y.

Gaeta, A.L.

D.G. Ouzouno, F.R. Ahmad, D. Müller, N. Venkataraman, M.T. Gallagher, M.G. Thomas, J. Silcox, K.W. Koch, and A.L. Gaeta, “Generation of megawatt optical solitons in hollow-core photonic bang-gap fibers,” Science 301, 1702–1704 (2003).
[Crossref]

Gallagher, M.T.

D.G. Ouzouno, F.R. Ahmad, D. Müller, N. Venkataraman, M.T. Gallagher, M.G. Thomas, J. Silcox, K.W. Koch, and A.L. Gaeta, “Generation of megawatt optical solitons in hollow-core photonic bang-gap fibers,” Science 301, 1702–1704 (2003).
[Crossref]

J.A. Weat, N. Venkataraman, C.M. Smith, and M.T. Gallagher, “Photonic crystal fibers,” Proc. European Conf. Opt. Commun., Th.A.2.2 (2001).

Hasegawa, T.

Ibanescu, M.

Issa, N.A.

N.A. Issa, A. Argyros, M.A. van Eijkelenborg, and J. Zagari, “Identifying hollow waveguide guidance in air-cored microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Express 9, 996–1001 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-9-996
[Crossref]

Jacobs, S.

Jacobs, S.A.

Joannopoulos, J.D.

Johnson, S.G.

Knight, J.C.

F. Benabid, J.C. Knight, G. Antonopoulos, and P.St.J. Russell, “Stimulated Raman scattering in hydrogen-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber,” Science 298, 399–402 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, B.J. Mangan, and P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic crystal fibers: An endless variety,” IEICE Trans. Electron. E84-C, 585–592 (2001).

R.F. Cregan, B.J. Mangan, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, P.J. Roberts, and D.C. Allan,“Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J.C. Knight, J. Broeng, T.A. Birks, and P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fiber,” Science 282, 1476–1478 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, and P.St.J. Russell, “Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, and D.M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding,” Opt. Lett. 21, 1547–1549 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Koch, K.W.

D.G. Ouzouno, F.R. Ahmad, D. Müller, N. Venkataraman, M.T. Gallagher, M.G. Thomas, J. Silcox, K.W. Koch, and A.L. Gaeta, “Generation of megawatt optical solitons in hollow-core photonic bang-gap fibers,” Science 301, 1702–1704 (2003).
[Crossref]

Koshiba, M.

K. Saitoh and M. Koshiba, “Confinement losses in air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15, 236–238 (2003).
[Crossref]

K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, T. Hasegawa, and E. Sasaoka, “Chromatic dispersion control in photonic crystal fibers: application to ultra-flattened dispersion,” Opt. Express 11, 843–852 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-8-843
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Saitoh and M. Koshiba, “Full-vectorial imaginary-distance beam propagation method based on finite element scheme: Application to photonic crystal fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 927–933 (2002).
[Crossref]

M. Koshiba and K. Saitoh, “Numerical verification of degeneracy in hexagonal photonic crystal fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13, 1313–1315 (2001).
[Crossref]

M. Koshiba and Y. Tsuji, “Curvilinear hybrid edge/nodal elements with triangular shape for guided-wave problems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 18, 737–743 (2000).
[Crossref]

Kuhlmey, B.

Kuhlmey, B.T.

Mangan, B.J.

T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, B.J. Mangan, and P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic crystal fibers: An endless variety,” IEICE Trans. Electron. E84-C, 585–592 (2001).

R.F. Cregan, B.J. Mangan, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, P.J. Roberts, and D.C. Allan,“Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Maystre, D.

McPhedran, R.

McPhedran, R.C.

Mogilevstev, D.

J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S.E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 5, 305–330 (1999).
[Crossref]

Müller, D.

D.G. Ouzouno, F.R. Ahmad, D. Müller, N. Venkataraman, M.T. Gallagher, M.G. Thomas, J. Silcox, K.W. Koch, and A.L. Gaeta, “Generation of megawatt optical solitons in hollow-core photonic bang-gap fibers,” Science 301, 1702–1704 (2003).
[Crossref]

Ouzouno, D.G.

D.G. Ouzouno, F.R. Ahmad, D. Müller, N. Venkataraman, M.T. Gallagher, M.G. Thomas, J. Silcox, K.W. Koch, and A.L. Gaeta, “Generation of megawatt optical solitons in hollow-core photonic bang-gap fibers,” Science 301, 1702–1704 (2003).
[Crossref]

Renversez, G.

Roberts, P.J.

R.F. Cregan, B.J. Mangan, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, P.J. Roberts, and D.C. Allan,“Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Robinson, P.A.

Russell, P.St.J.

F. Benabid, J.C. Knight, G. Antonopoulos, and P.St.J. Russell, “Stimulated Raman scattering in hydrogen-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber,” Science 298, 399–402 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, B.J. Mangan, and P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic crystal fibers: An endless variety,” IEICE Trans. Electron. E84-C, 585–592 (2001).

R.F. Cregan, B.J. Mangan, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, P.J. Roberts, and D.C. Allan,“Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J.C. Knight, J. Broeng, T.A. Birks, and P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fiber,” Science 282, 1476–1478 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, and P.St.J. Russell, “Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, and D.M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding,” Opt. Lett. 21, 1547–1549 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Saitoh, K.

K. Saitoh and M. Koshiba, “Confinement losses in air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15, 236–238 (2003).
[Crossref]

K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, T. Hasegawa, and E. Sasaoka, “Chromatic dispersion control in photonic crystal fibers: application to ultra-flattened dispersion,” Opt. Express 11, 843–852 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-8-843
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Saitoh and M. Koshiba, “Full-vectorial imaginary-distance beam propagation method based on finite element scheme: Application to photonic crystal fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 927–933 (2002).
[Crossref]

M. Koshiba and K. Saitoh, “Numerical verification of degeneracy in hexagonal photonic crystal fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13, 1313–1315 (2001).
[Crossref]

Sasaoka, E.

Selleri, S.

Silcox, J.

D.G. Ouzouno, F.R. Ahmad, D. Müller, N. Venkataraman, M.T. Gallagher, M.G. Thomas, J. Silcox, K.W. Koch, and A.L. Gaeta, “Generation of megawatt optical solitons in hollow-core photonic bang-gap fibers,” Science 301, 1702–1704 (2003).
[Crossref]

Skorobogatiy, M.

Skorobogatiy, M.A.

S.G. Johnson, M. Ibanescu, M.A. Skorobogatiy, O. Weisberg, J.D. Joannopoulos, and Y. Fink, “Perturbation theory for Maxwell’s equations with shifting material boundaries,” Phys. Rev. E65, 066611 (2002).
[Crossref]

Smith, C.M.

J.A. Weat, N. Venkataraman, C.M. Smith, and M.T. Gallagher, “Photonic crystal fibers,” Proc. European Conf. Opt. Commun., Th.A.2.2 (2001).

Soljacic, M.

Søndergaard, T.

Steel, M.J.

Thomas, M.G.

D.G. Ouzouno, F.R. Ahmad, D. Müller, N. Venkataraman, M.T. Gallagher, M.G. Thomas, J. Silcox, K.W. Koch, and A.L. Gaeta, “Generation of megawatt optical solitons in hollow-core photonic bang-gap fibers,” Science 301, 1702–1704 (2003).
[Crossref]

Tsuji, Y.

van Eijkelenborg, M.A.

N.A. Issa, A. Argyros, M.A. van Eijkelenborg, and J. Zagari, “Identifying hollow waveguide guidance in air-cored microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Express 9, 996–1001 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-9-996
[Crossref]

Venkataraman, N.

D.G. Ouzouno, F.R. Ahmad, D. Müller, N. Venkataraman, M.T. Gallagher, M.G. Thomas, J. Silcox, K.W. Koch, and A.L. Gaeta, “Generation of megawatt optical solitons in hollow-core photonic bang-gap fibers,” Science 301, 1702–1704 (2003).
[Crossref]

J.A. Weat, N. Venkataraman, C.M. Smith, and M.T. Gallagher, “Photonic crystal fibers,” Proc. European Conf. Opt. Commun., Th.A.2.2 (2001).

Vincetti, L.

Weat, J.A.

J.A. Weat, N. Venkataraman, C.M. Smith, and M.T. Gallagher, “Photonic crystal fibers,” Proc. European Conf. Opt. Commun., Th.A.2.2 (2001).

Weisberg, O.

White, T.P.

Zagari, J.

N.A. Issa, A. Argyros, M.A. van Eijkelenborg, and J. Zagari, “Identifying hollow waveguide guidance in air-cored microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Express 9, 996–1001 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-9-996
[Crossref]

Zoboli, M.

Appl. Opt. (1)

IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (1)

K. Saitoh and M. Koshiba, “Full-vectorial imaginary-distance beam propagation method based on finite element scheme: Application to photonic crystal fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 927–933 (2002).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (2)

M. Koshiba and K. Saitoh, “Numerical verification of degeneracy in hexagonal photonic crystal fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13, 1313–1315 (2001).
[Crossref]

K. Saitoh and M. Koshiba, “Confinement losses in air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15, 236–238 (2003).
[Crossref]

IEICE Trans. Electron. (1)

T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, B.J. Mangan, and P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic crystal fibers: An endless variety,” IEICE Trans. Electron. E84-C, 585–592 (2001).

J. Lightwave Technol. (1)

Opt. Express (7)

S.G. Johnson, M. Ibanescu, M. Skorobogatiy, O. Weisberg, T.D. Engeness, M. Soljačić, S.A. Jacobs, J.D. Joannopoulos, and Y. Fink, “Low-loss asymptotically single-mode propagation in large-core OmniGuide fibers,” Opt. Express 9, 748–779 (2001), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-9-13-748
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Skorobogatiy, S.A. Jacobs, S.G. Johnson, and Y. Fink, “Geometric variations in high index-contrast waveguides, coupled mode theory in curvilinear coordinates,” Opt. Express 10, 1227–1243 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-21-1227
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B.T. Kuhlmey, R.C. McPhedran, C.M. de Sterke, P.A. Robinson, G. Renversez, and D. Maystre, “Microstructured optical fibers: where’s the edge?,” Opt. Express 10, 1285–1290 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-22-1285
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Ferrarini, L. Vincetti, M. Zoboli, A. Cucinotta, and S. Selleri, “Leakage properties of photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Express 10, 1314–1319 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-23-1314
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N.A. Issa, A. Argyros, M.A. van Eijkelenborg, and J. Zagari, “Identifying hollow waveguide guidance in air-cored microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Express 9, 996–1001 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-9-996
[Crossref]

K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, T. Hasegawa, and E. Sasaoka, “Chromatic dispersion control in photonic crystal fibers: application to ultra-flattened dispersion,” Opt. Express 11, 843–852 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-8-843
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T.D. Engeness, M. Ibanescu, S.G. Johnson, O. Weisberg, M. Skorobogatiy, S. Jacobs, and Y. Fink, “Dispersion tailoring and compensation by modal interactions in OmniGuide fibers,” Opt. Express 11, 1175–1196 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-10-1175
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Fiber Technol. (1)

J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S.E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 5, 305–330 (1999).
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett. (5)

Science (4)

J.C. Knight, J. Broeng, T.A. Birks, and P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fiber,” Science 282, 1476–1478 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R.F. Cregan, B.J. Mangan, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, P.J. Roberts, and D.C. Allan,“Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Benabid, J.C. Knight, G. Antonopoulos, and P.St.J. Russell, “Stimulated Raman scattering in hydrogen-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber,” Science 298, 399–402 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D.G. Ouzouno, F.R. Ahmad, D. Müller, N. Venkataraman, M.T. Gallagher, M.G. Thomas, J. Silcox, K.W. Koch, and A.L. Gaeta, “Generation of megawatt optical solitons in hollow-core photonic bang-gap fibers,” Science 301, 1702–1704 (2003).
[Crossref]

Other (3)

J.A. Weat, N. Venkataraman, C.M. Smith, and M.T. Gallagher, “Photonic crystal fibers,” Proc. European Conf. Opt. Commun., Th.A.2.2 (2001).

G. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Academic Press (San Diego, CA), 2dn Edition (1995).

S.G. Johnson, M. Ibanescu, M.A. Skorobogatiy, O. Weisberg, J.D. Joannopoulos, and Y. Fink, “Perturbation theory for Maxwell’s equations with shifting material boundaries,” Phys. Rev. E65, 066611 (2002).
[Crossref]

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Figures (14)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Photonic crystal fiber with finite cross section.

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Fig.2.
Fig.2. Air-core PBGF with ten rings of arrays of air holes.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Modal dispersion curve as a function of normalized wavelength for the air-core PBGF with ten rings of air holes in Fig. 2, where d/Λ=0.9.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Intensity profile of horizontally polarized fundamental mode in an air-core PBGF with d/Λ=0.9 and Λ=2.32 µm at λ=1.55 µm, where |Ex |2 is expressed in the intensity contours spaced by 1 dB.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Leakage loss as a function of wavelength for an air-core PBGF with a finite number of air holes. The hole pitch Λ=2.32 µm and d/Λ=0.9.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Leakage loss as a function of the number of rings. The hole pitch Λ=2.32 µm, d/Λ=0.9, and λ=1.55 µm.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Waveguide group velocity dispersion of an air-core PBGF with a finite number of air holes. The hole pitch Λ=2.32 µm and d/Λ=0.9.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. PBG boundaries and modal dispersion curves of the fundamental modes for two values of d/Λ=0.9 and d/Λ=0.95 as a function of normalized wavelength.

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Normalized leakage loss as a function of the normalized wavelength in an air-core PBGF with ten rings of arrays of air holes. The hole diameter to pitch ratio d/Λ is taken as a parameter.

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Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Normalized waveguide GVD for the fundamental mode of the air-core PBGF with ten rings of air holes in Fig. 2, where the hole diameter to pitch ratio d/Λ is taken as a parameter.

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Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. Schematics of air-core PBGF cross sections for (a) type-1, (b) type-2, and (c) type-3 PBGFs.

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Fig. 12.
Fig. 12. Intensity profiles of horizontally polarized fundamental modes for air-core PBGFs in Fig. 11, where d/Λ=0.9, λ/Λ=0.67, and |Ex |2 is expressed in the intensity contours spaced by 1 dB.

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Fig. 13.
Fig. 13. (a) Modal dispersion curves and (b) normalized waveguide GVD as a function of normalized wavelength for the three types of air-core PBGFs as shown in Fig. 11, where d/Λ=0.9 and the number of air-hole rings is ten.

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Fig. 14.
Fig. 14. (a) Normalized leakage loss and (b) normalized effective mode area as a function of normalized wavelength for the three types of air-core PBGFs as shown in Fig. 11, where d/Λ=0.9 and the number of air-hole rings is ten.

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Equations (7)

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∇ × ( [ s ] − 1 ∇ × E ) − k 0 2 n 2 [ s ] E = 0
E ( x , y , z ) = e ( x , y ) exp ⁡ ( − γ z )
γ = α + j β
[ K ] { E } = γ 2 [ M ] { E }
L c = 8.686 α
D w = − λ c d 2 n eff d λ 2
A eff = ( ∬ ∣ E ∣ 2 dx dy ) 2 ∬ ∣ E ∣ 4 dx dy .

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