Abstract

Two dimensional magnetic and optical spectra contain information about structure and dynamics inaccessible to the linear spectroscopist. Recently, phase cycling techniques in optical spectroscopy have extended the capabilities of two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. Here, we present a method to generate collinear pump/probe pulses at high update rates for two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. Both fluorescence mode and transmission mode photon echo data from rubidium vapor is presented.

©2005 Optical Society of America

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References

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  1. E.L. Hahn, “Nuclear induction due to free Larmor precession,” Phys. Rev. 77, 297–300 (1950).
    [Crossref]
  2. W.P. Aue, E. Bartholdi, and R.R. Ernst, “Two-dimensional spectroscopy. Applications to nuclear magnetic resonance,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 64, 2229 (1976).
  3. David M. Jonas, “Two-Dimensional Femtosecond Spectroscopy,” Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 54, 425–463 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  4. M.C. Asplund, M.T. Zanni, and R.M. Hochstrasser “Two-Dimensional Femtosecond Spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 8219–8224 (2000).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. O. Golonzka, M. Khalil, N. Demirdoven, and A. Tokmakoff “Vibrational Anharmonicities Revealed by Coherent Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 No. 10, 2154–2157 (2001).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. T. Elsaesser, J.G. Fujimoto, D.A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth, Ultrafast Phenomena XISpringer Verlab, 1998.
    [Crossref]
  7. P. Tian, D. Keusters, S. Yoshifumi, and W.S. Warren “Femtosecond Phase-Coherent Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy,” Science 3001553–1555 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  8. D. Keusters, H. Tan, and W.S. Warren “Role of Pulse Phase and Direction in Two-Dimensional Optical Spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. A 10310369–10380 (1999).
    [Crossref]
  9. W. Yang, D. Keusters, D. Goswami, and W.S. Warren “Rapid ultrafine-tunable optical delay line at the 1.55-µm wavelength,” Optics Letters 231843–1845 (1998).
    [Crossref]
  10. A.M. Weiner, J.P. Heritage, and E.M. Kirschner “High-resolution femtosecond pulse shaping,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 51563–1572 (1988).
    [Crossref]
  11. S. Mukamel “Multidimensional Femtosecond Correlation Spectroscopies of Electronic and Vibrational Excitations,” Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 51691–729 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  12. J.D. Hybl, A.W. Albrecht, S.M. Gallagher-Faeder, and D.M. Jonas “Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 297307–313 (1998).
    [Crossref]
  13. S. Woutersen and P. Hamm “Nonlinear two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy of peptides,” J. Phys. Cond. Matt. 14R1035–1062 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  14. L. Cowan, J. P. Ogilvie, and R. J. D. Miller “Two-dimensional spectroscopy using diffractive optics based phase-dlocked photon echoes” Chem. Phys. Lett. 386184–189 (2004).
    [Crossref]
  15. L Allen and J.H. Eberly, Optical Resonance and Two Level AtomsDover Publications, 1987.
  16. S. Mukamel, Principles of Nonlinear Optical SpectroscopyOxford Series in Optical and Imaging Sciences, 1995.
  17. R.W. Boyd, Nonlinear OpticsAcademic Press, 1992.
  18. H.S. Tan, Generation, Measurement and Applications of Amplified Visitble, Near Infrared, And Mid Infrared Shaped Ultrashort Pulses, PhD Thesis, Princeton University, 2003.
    [PubMed]

2004 (1)

L. Cowan, J. P. Ogilvie, and R. J. D. Miller “Two-dimensional spectroscopy using diffractive optics based phase-dlocked photon echoes” Chem. Phys. Lett. 386184–189 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (2)

David M. Jonas, “Two-Dimensional Femtosecond Spectroscopy,” Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 54, 425–463 (2003).
[Crossref]

P. Tian, D. Keusters, S. Yoshifumi, and W.S. Warren “Femtosecond Phase-Coherent Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy,” Science 3001553–1555 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

S. Woutersen and P. Hamm “Nonlinear two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy of peptides,” J. Phys. Cond. Matt. 14R1035–1062 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

O. Golonzka, M. Khalil, N. Demirdoven, and A. Tokmakoff “Vibrational Anharmonicities Revealed by Coherent Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 No. 10, 2154–2157 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2000 (2)

S. Mukamel “Multidimensional Femtosecond Correlation Spectroscopies of Electronic and Vibrational Excitations,” Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 51691–729 (2000).
[Crossref]

M.C. Asplund, M.T. Zanni, and R.M. Hochstrasser “Two-Dimensional Femtosecond Spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 8219–8224 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1999 (1)

D. Keusters, H. Tan, and W.S. Warren “Role of Pulse Phase and Direction in Two-Dimensional Optical Spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. A 10310369–10380 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (2)

W. Yang, D. Keusters, D. Goswami, and W.S. Warren “Rapid ultrafine-tunable optical delay line at the 1.55-µm wavelength,” Optics Letters 231843–1845 (1998).
[Crossref]

J.D. Hybl, A.W. Albrecht, S.M. Gallagher-Faeder, and D.M. Jonas “Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 297307–313 (1998).
[Crossref]

1988 (1)

1976 (1)

W.P. Aue, E. Bartholdi, and R.R. Ernst, “Two-dimensional spectroscopy. Applications to nuclear magnetic resonance,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 64, 2229 (1976).

1950 (1)

E.L. Hahn, “Nuclear induction due to free Larmor precession,” Phys. Rev. 77, 297–300 (1950).
[Crossref]

Albrecht, A.W.

J.D. Hybl, A.W. Albrecht, S.M. Gallagher-Faeder, and D.M. Jonas “Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 297307–313 (1998).
[Crossref]

Allen, L

L Allen and J.H. Eberly, Optical Resonance and Two Level AtomsDover Publications, 1987.

Asplund, M.C.

M.C. Asplund, M.T. Zanni, and R.M. Hochstrasser “Two-Dimensional Femtosecond Spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 8219–8224 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Aue, W.P.

W.P. Aue, E. Bartholdi, and R.R. Ernst, “Two-dimensional spectroscopy. Applications to nuclear magnetic resonance,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 64, 2229 (1976).

Bartholdi, E.

W.P. Aue, E. Bartholdi, and R.R. Ernst, “Two-dimensional spectroscopy. Applications to nuclear magnetic resonance,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 64, 2229 (1976).

Boyd, R.W.

R.W. Boyd, Nonlinear OpticsAcademic Press, 1992.

Cowan, L.

L. Cowan, J. P. Ogilvie, and R. J. D. Miller “Two-dimensional spectroscopy using diffractive optics based phase-dlocked photon echoes” Chem. Phys. Lett. 386184–189 (2004).
[Crossref]

Demirdoven, N.

O. Golonzka, M. Khalil, N. Demirdoven, and A. Tokmakoff “Vibrational Anharmonicities Revealed by Coherent Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 No. 10, 2154–2157 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Eberly, J.H.

L Allen and J.H. Eberly, Optical Resonance and Two Level AtomsDover Publications, 1987.

Elsaesser, T.

T. Elsaesser, J.G. Fujimoto, D.A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth, Ultrafast Phenomena XISpringer Verlab, 1998.
[Crossref]

Ernst, R.R.

W.P. Aue, E. Bartholdi, and R.R. Ernst, “Two-dimensional spectroscopy. Applications to nuclear magnetic resonance,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 64, 2229 (1976).

Fujimoto, J.G.

T. Elsaesser, J.G. Fujimoto, D.A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth, Ultrafast Phenomena XISpringer Verlab, 1998.
[Crossref]

Gallagher-Faeder, S.M.

J.D. Hybl, A.W. Albrecht, S.M. Gallagher-Faeder, and D.M. Jonas “Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 297307–313 (1998).
[Crossref]

Golonzka, O.

O. Golonzka, M. Khalil, N. Demirdoven, and A. Tokmakoff “Vibrational Anharmonicities Revealed by Coherent Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 No. 10, 2154–2157 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Goswami, D.

W. Yang, D. Keusters, D. Goswami, and W.S. Warren “Rapid ultrafine-tunable optical delay line at the 1.55-µm wavelength,” Optics Letters 231843–1845 (1998).
[Crossref]

Hahn, E.L.

E.L. Hahn, “Nuclear induction due to free Larmor precession,” Phys. Rev. 77, 297–300 (1950).
[Crossref]

Hamm, P.

S. Woutersen and P. Hamm “Nonlinear two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy of peptides,” J. Phys. Cond. Matt. 14R1035–1062 (2002).
[Crossref]

Heritage, J.P.

Hochstrasser, R.M.

M.C. Asplund, M.T. Zanni, and R.M. Hochstrasser “Two-Dimensional Femtosecond Spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 8219–8224 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hybl, J.D.

J.D. Hybl, A.W. Albrecht, S.M. Gallagher-Faeder, and D.M. Jonas “Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 297307–313 (1998).
[Crossref]

Jonas, D.M.

J.D. Hybl, A.W. Albrecht, S.M. Gallagher-Faeder, and D.M. Jonas “Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 297307–313 (1998).
[Crossref]

Jonas, David M.

David M. Jonas, “Two-Dimensional Femtosecond Spectroscopy,” Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 54, 425–463 (2003).
[Crossref]

Keusters, D.

P. Tian, D. Keusters, S. Yoshifumi, and W.S. Warren “Femtosecond Phase-Coherent Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy,” Science 3001553–1555 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Keusters, H. Tan, and W.S. Warren “Role of Pulse Phase and Direction in Two-Dimensional Optical Spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. A 10310369–10380 (1999).
[Crossref]

W. Yang, D. Keusters, D. Goswami, and W.S. Warren “Rapid ultrafine-tunable optical delay line at the 1.55-µm wavelength,” Optics Letters 231843–1845 (1998).
[Crossref]

Khalil, M.

O. Golonzka, M. Khalil, N. Demirdoven, and A. Tokmakoff “Vibrational Anharmonicities Revealed by Coherent Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 No. 10, 2154–2157 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kirschner, E.M.

Miller, R. J. D.

L. Cowan, J. P. Ogilvie, and R. J. D. Miller “Two-dimensional spectroscopy using diffractive optics based phase-dlocked photon echoes” Chem. Phys. Lett. 386184–189 (2004).
[Crossref]

Mukamel, S.

S. Mukamel “Multidimensional Femtosecond Correlation Spectroscopies of Electronic and Vibrational Excitations,” Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 51691–729 (2000).
[Crossref]

S. Mukamel, Principles of Nonlinear Optical SpectroscopyOxford Series in Optical and Imaging Sciences, 1995.

Ogilvie, J. P.

L. Cowan, J. P. Ogilvie, and R. J. D. Miller “Two-dimensional spectroscopy using diffractive optics based phase-dlocked photon echoes” Chem. Phys. Lett. 386184–189 (2004).
[Crossref]

Tan, H.

D. Keusters, H. Tan, and W.S. Warren “Role of Pulse Phase and Direction in Two-Dimensional Optical Spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. A 10310369–10380 (1999).
[Crossref]

Tan, H.S.

H.S. Tan, Generation, Measurement and Applications of Amplified Visitble, Near Infrared, And Mid Infrared Shaped Ultrashort Pulses, PhD Thesis, Princeton University, 2003.
[PubMed]

Tian, P.

P. Tian, D. Keusters, S. Yoshifumi, and W.S. Warren “Femtosecond Phase-Coherent Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy,” Science 3001553–1555 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tokmakoff, A.

O. Golonzka, M. Khalil, N. Demirdoven, and A. Tokmakoff “Vibrational Anharmonicities Revealed by Coherent Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 No. 10, 2154–2157 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Warren, W.S.

P. Tian, D. Keusters, S. Yoshifumi, and W.S. Warren “Femtosecond Phase-Coherent Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy,” Science 3001553–1555 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Keusters, H. Tan, and W.S. Warren “Role of Pulse Phase and Direction in Two-Dimensional Optical Spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. A 10310369–10380 (1999).
[Crossref]

W. Yang, D. Keusters, D. Goswami, and W.S. Warren “Rapid ultrafine-tunable optical delay line at the 1.55-µm wavelength,” Optics Letters 231843–1845 (1998).
[Crossref]

Weiner, A.M.

Wiersma, D.A.

T. Elsaesser, J.G. Fujimoto, D.A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth, Ultrafast Phenomena XISpringer Verlab, 1998.
[Crossref]

Woutersen, S.

S. Woutersen and P. Hamm “Nonlinear two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy of peptides,” J. Phys. Cond. Matt. 14R1035–1062 (2002).
[Crossref]

Yang, W.

W. Yang, D. Keusters, D. Goswami, and W.S. Warren “Rapid ultrafine-tunable optical delay line at the 1.55-µm wavelength,” Optics Letters 231843–1845 (1998).
[Crossref]

Yoshifumi, S.

P. Tian, D. Keusters, S. Yoshifumi, and W.S. Warren “Femtosecond Phase-Coherent Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy,” Science 3001553–1555 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zanni, M.T.

M.C. Asplund, M.T. Zanni, and R.M. Hochstrasser “Two-Dimensional Femtosecond Spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 8219–8224 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zinth, W.

T. Elsaesser, J.G. Fujimoto, D.A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth, Ultrafast Phenomena XISpringer Verlab, 1998.
[Crossref]

Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. (2)

David M. Jonas, “Two-Dimensional Femtosecond Spectroscopy,” Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 54, 425–463 (2003).
[Crossref]

S. Mukamel “Multidimensional Femtosecond Correlation Spectroscopies of Electronic and Vibrational Excitations,” Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 51691–729 (2000).
[Crossref]

Chem. Phys. Lett. (2)

J.D. Hybl, A.W. Albrecht, S.M. Gallagher-Faeder, and D.M. Jonas “Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 297307–313 (1998).
[Crossref]

L. Cowan, J. P. Ogilvie, and R. J. D. Miller “Two-dimensional spectroscopy using diffractive optics based phase-dlocked photon echoes” Chem. Phys. Lett. 386184–189 (2004).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (2)

A.M. Weiner, J.P. Heritage, and E.M. Kirschner “High-resolution femtosecond pulse shaping,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 51563–1572 (1988).
[Crossref]

W.P. Aue, E. Bartholdi, and R.R. Ernst, “Two-dimensional spectroscopy. Applications to nuclear magnetic resonance,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 64, 2229 (1976).

J. Phys. Chem. A (1)

D. Keusters, H. Tan, and W.S. Warren “Role of Pulse Phase and Direction in Two-Dimensional Optical Spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. A 10310369–10380 (1999).
[Crossref]

J. Phys. Cond. Matt. (1)

S. Woutersen and P. Hamm “Nonlinear two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy of peptides,” J. Phys. Cond. Matt. 14R1035–1062 (2002).
[Crossref]

Optics Letters (1)

W. Yang, D. Keusters, D. Goswami, and W.S. Warren “Rapid ultrafine-tunable optical delay line at the 1.55-µm wavelength,” Optics Letters 231843–1845 (1998).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. (1)

E.L. Hahn, “Nuclear induction due to free Larmor precession,” Phys. Rev. 77, 297–300 (1950).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

O. Golonzka, M. Khalil, N. Demirdoven, and A. Tokmakoff “Vibrational Anharmonicities Revealed by Coherent Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 No. 10, 2154–2157 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1)

M.C. Asplund, M.T. Zanni, and R.M. Hochstrasser “Two-Dimensional Femtosecond Spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 8219–8224 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Science (1)

P. Tian, D. Keusters, S. Yoshifumi, and W.S. Warren “Femtosecond Phase-Coherent Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy,” Science 3001553–1555 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (5)

L Allen and J.H. Eberly, Optical Resonance and Two Level AtomsDover Publications, 1987.

S. Mukamel, Principles of Nonlinear Optical SpectroscopyOxford Series in Optical and Imaging Sciences, 1995.

R.W. Boyd, Nonlinear OpticsAcademic Press, 1992.

H.S. Tan, Generation, Measurement and Applications of Amplified Visitble, Near Infrared, And Mid Infrared Shaped Ultrashort Pulses, PhD Thesis, Princeton University, 2003.
[PubMed]

T. Elsaesser, J.G. Fujimoto, D.A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth, Ultrafast Phenomena XISpringer Verlab, 1998.
[Crossref]

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Figures (5)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Two-dimensional spectroscopy in phase matching and collinear arrangements. In the phase matching arrangement shown on the top plot, multiple pulses are spatially crossed in a time delayed sequence through an ensemble of dipole oscillators. The resulting nonlinear polarization coherently constructs in a phase matched direction for background free signal detection. In the collinear arrangement, shown on the bottom plot with a blue reference wave used to emphasize the relevance of the relative pulse carrier phases, the first pulse causes all dipole oscillators within the laser bandwidth to oscillate at their natural frequencies. The second pulse can intensify, suppress, or map the oscillations into other coherences depending on its phase. The third pulse serves as a local oscillator. Here, the first and last pulses are 1800 out of carrier phase with respect to the center pulse. τ1,2 are the time delays, and k⃗ is the propagation vector.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Level structure and linear/nonlinear spectra of rubidium.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Experimental setup. 50fs, broadband pulses enter the shaper at 20KHz. They are spectrally dispersed by an 1800 line/millimeter diffraction grating and focussed to a zero-dispersion line in an acousto-optic modulator by a 37.5 centimeter focal length spherical mirror. The modulator deflects the pulses as discussed in the text. The pulses are recombined through a second identical lens and grating pair. The three pulses created by the three RF waveforms in the acousto-optic modulator are focussed on a rubidium cell by 20cm lenses. Isotropic fluorescence is collected by a large f-number lens and focussed on a photomultiplier tube. The transmission-echo signal is retrieved by isolating light just from the two transitions shown in Fig. 2(a). The transmitted light is filtered by a 4F notch-pass filter which allows only light within 0.3nm of the 5S 1/2 →5P 1/2 and 5S 1/2 →5P 3/2 transitions through. The back-reflected light is picked off and sent into a photomultiplier.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Rapid phase cycling setup electronics. For proper synchronization of the RF drive pulse in the AOM, all RF frequencies must be derived from the 80MHz repetition rate of our oscillator laser. The RF unit for the laser amplifier provides a 20KHz synchronization signal for triggering the boxcar. A frequency divider provides a 10MHz signal to externally oscillate both the 120MHz RF source and the AWG. The Ch2 marker from the AWG is mixed up by the 120MHz to create a 200MHz RF pulse for the AOM. This creates the central of the three sampling pulses for the experiment. The Ch1 and Ch2 outputs are mixed with the 120MHz to create RF pulses which vary from 200MHz. Ch1 derived pulses increase in frequency to create more delayed pulses from the shaper. Ch2 RF pulses create pulses which are less delayed then the center 200MHz pulse. When all three RF pulses are mixed, bandpass (BP) filtered, amplified (AMP), and sent to the AOM, three optical pulses with arbitrary relative delays and phases are created. The 20KHz signal is shown with yellow lines, the 10MHz with green, and the sampling pulse from the Ch1 marker, necessary to allow the computer oscilloscope to sample the data from the boxcar with red. The red arrow from indicates data flow from the boxcar to the scope.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Rubidium photon echo data taken in fluorescence and transmission mode. This un-averaged data is retrieved from 16 time-scan experiments combined according to Eq. (3).

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Tables (1)

Tables Icon

Table 1. Information found in photon echo peaks. The presence, shape, and location of photon echo peaks exhibit useful information about the source molecules, as shown in this table.

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Equations (9)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

E ˜ = A ( t ) e − i ω t + i Φ + c . c .
ρ 5 P 1 ⁄ 2 + ρ 5 P 3 ⁄ 2 = ∑ i = 1 36 a i e i ( α Φ 1 + β Φ 2 + γ Φ 3 ) e i ω 1 t 1 e i ω 2 t 2
S PE = [ XXX + iXXY − XX X ̅ − iXX Y ̅ ] +
i × [ YXX + iYXY − YX X ̅ − iYX Y ̅ ] +
− [ X ̅ XX + i X ̅ XY − X ̅ X X ̅ − i X ̅ X Y ̅ ] +
− i × [ Y ̅ XX + i Y ̅ XY − Y ̅ X X ̅ − i Y ̅ X Y ̅ ]
sin ( θ ) = λ ν RF 2 υ ac
t = x c = f λ ν RF c υ ac
dt = f λ δ ν RF c υ ac

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