Reversible switching of quantum cascade laser-modes using a pH-responsive polymeric cladding as transducer

Bernhard Basnar; Stephan Schartner; Maximilian Austerer; Aaron Maxwell Andrews; Thomas Roch; Werner Schrenk; Gottfried Strasser

doi:10.1364/OE.16.008557

Reversible switching of quantum cascade laser-modes using a pH-responsive polymeric cladding as transducer

Bernhard Basnar, Stephan Schartner, Maximilian Austerer, Aaron Maxwell Andrews, Thomas Roch, Werner Schrenk, and Gottfried Strasser

Optics Express
Vol. 16,
Issue 12,
pp. 8557-8569
(2008)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.008557

Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
Bernhard Basnar, Stephan Schartner, Maximilian Austerer, Aaron Maxwell Andrews, Thomas Roch, Werner Schrenk, and Gottfried Strasser, "Reversible switching of quantum cascade laser-modes using a pH-responsive polymeric cladding as transducer," Opt. Express 16, 8557-8569 (2008)

Export Citation
- BibTex
- Endnote (RIS)
- HTML
- Plain Text
Get PDF (1600 KB)
Set citation alerts
Save article

Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Lasers and Laser Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Semiconductor lasers, quantum cascade (140.5965)
- Polymers (160.5470)
- Spectroscopy, infrared (300.6340)
- Other properties (stress, chemical, etc.) (310.4925)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: May 1, 2008
- Revised Manuscript: May 21, 2008
- Manuscript Accepted: May 21, 2008
- Published: May 27, 2008

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

We present a novel approach for the reversible switching of the emission wavelength of a quantum cascade laser (QCL) using a halochromic cladding. An air-waveguide laser ridge is coated with a thin layer of polyacrylic acid. This cladding introduces losses corresponding to the absorption spectrum of the polymer. By changing the state of the polymer, the absorption spectrum and losses change, inducing a shift of 7 cm^-1 in the emission wavelength. This change is induced by exposure to acidic or alkaline vapors under ambient conditions and is fully reversible. Such lasers can be used as multi-color light source and as sensor for atmospheric pH.

Full Article | PDF Article

OSA Recommended Articles

Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with narrow-ridge microfluidic quantum cascade lasers

Mikhail A. Belkin, Marko Lončar, Benjamin G. Lee, Christian Pflügl, Ross Audet, Laurent Diehl, Federico Capasso, David Bour, Scott Corzine, and Gloria Höfler
Opt. Express 15(18) 11262-11271 (2007)

Experimental Photographic Systems Based on Phosphotungstic Acid

Lyman Chalkley
J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44(9) 699-702 (1954)

Lab-on-fiber optofluidic platform for in situ monitoring of drug release from therapeutic eluting polyelectrolyte multilayers

Fei Tian, Jouha Min, Jiri Kanka, Xiangzhi Li, Paula T. Hammond, and Henry Du
Opt. Express 23(15) 20132-20142 (2015)

References

View by:
Article Order
|
Year
|
Author
|
Publication

D. L. Woolard, E. R. Brown, M. Pepper, and M. Kemp, “Terahertz frequency sensing and imaging: a time of reckoning future applications?” Proc. IEEE 93, 1722–1743 (2005).
[Crossref]
J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sitori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science 264, 553–556 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, R. Colombelli, F. Capasso, and A. Y. Cho, “Ultra-broadband semiconductor laser,” Nature 415, 883–887(2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
D. Barate, R. Teissier, Y. Wang, and A. N. Baranov, “Short wavelength intersubband emission from InAs/AlSb quantum cascade structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 051103 (2005).
[Crossref]
J. Ulrich, J. Kreuter, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, and K. Unterrainer, “Long wavelength (15 and 23 µm) GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3691–3693 (2002).
[Crossref]
B. S. Williams, “Terahertz quantum-cascade lasers,” Nat. Photon. 1, 517–525 (2007).
[Crossref]
M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, A. Belyanin, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, D. C. Oakley, C. J. Vineis, and G. W. Turner, “Terahertz quantum-cascade-laser source based on intracavity difference-frequency generation,” Nat. Photon. 1, 288–292 (2007).
[Crossref]
J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, C. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670–2672 (1997).
[Crossref]
C. Pflügl, M. Austerer, W. Schrenk, S. Golka, G. Strasser, R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, J. W. Cockburn, A. B. Krysa, and J. S. Roberts, “Single-mode surface-emitting quantum-cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 211102 (2005).
[Crossref]
R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C. F. Gmachl, D. M. Tennant, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, and F. Capasso, “Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science 302, 1374–1377 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, S. Anders, and G. Strasser, “Spectral dynamics of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 19, S336–S338 (2004).
[Crossref]
S. Song, S. S. Howard, Z. Liu, A. O. Dirisu, C. F. Gmachl, and C. B. Arnold, “Mode tuning of quantum cascade lasers through optical processing of chalcogenide glass claddings,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 041115 (2006).
[Crossref]
L. Diehl, B. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Lončar, M. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Express 14, 11660–11667 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Lončar, B. G. Lee, L. Diehl, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, and E. Gini, “Design and fabrication of photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers for optofluidics,” Opt. Express 15, 4499–4514 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Sarangan, W. P. Huang, G. P. Li, and T. Makino, “A ridge waveguide DFB laser model including transverse carrier and optical effects,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 408–416 (1996).
[Crossref]
M. A. Belkin, M. Lončar, B. G. Lee, C. Pflügl, R. Audet, L. Diehl, F. Capasso, D. Bour, S. Corzine, and G. Höfler, “Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with narrow-ridge microfluidic quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Express 15, 11262–11271 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
T. Bae, D. A. Scherson, and E. B. Yeager, “Infrared spectroscopic determination of pH changes in diffusionally decoupled thin-layer electrochemical cells,” Anal. Chem. 62, 45–49 (1990).
[Crossref]
Schenk, I. W. Marison, and U. von Stockar, “pH prediction and control in bioprocesses using mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100, 82–83 (2008).
[Crossref]
R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529–5531 (2004).
[Crossref]
D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, M. Beck, and U. Oesterle, “Surface-emitting 10.1 µm quantum-cascade distributed feedback lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3769–3771 (1999).
[Crossref]
V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, P.-A. Lamoine, Y. DeWilde, and L. R. Wilson, “Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007).
[Crossref]
D. Sarkar and P. Somasundaran, “Conformatinal dynamic of poly(acrylic acid). A study using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy,” Langmuir 20, 4657–4664 (2004).
[Crossref]
H. Hoffmann, M. L. T. Liveri, and F. P. Cavasino, “Electric birefringence and zero-shear vixcosity studies of the conformational changes of polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids with pH and concentration,” J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 93, 3161–3165 (1997).
[Crossref]
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/.
F. Mohammad, M. Z. A. Rahman, and A. Kassim, “An experimental study on diffusion in electrically conducting polymers,” Chem. Environ. Res. 10, 41–46 (2001).
P. Musto, L. Mascia, G. Mensitieri, and G. Ragosta, “Diffusion of water and ammonia through poyimidesilica bicontinuous nanocomposites: interactions and reactions” Polymer 46, 4492–4503 (2005).
[Crossref]
D. O. Hummel and F. Scholl, Atlas der Polymer- und Kunststoffanalyse Band 2, Kapitel 5.4. (Carl Hanser Verlag, München & VCH, Weinheim, 1988).
F. L. Buchholz and N. A. Peppas, “Superabsorbent polymers: science and technology” ACS Symp. Ser. 573 (1994).
[Crossref]
J. Buchanan, B. Hird, and T. M. Letcher, “Primary hydration of poly(acrylic acid) sodium salts” Polym. Bull. 16, 493–498 (1985).
S. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Guan, S. Tan, J. Xu, S. Cheng, and X. Zhang, “Water uptake behavior of hydrogen-bonded PVPON-PAA LBL film,” Soft Matter 2, 699–704 (2006).
[Crossref]
Oprea and U. Weimar, “High sensitivity polyacrylic acid films for ammonia detection with field effect devices,” Sens. Actuat. B 111–112, 572–576 (2005).
[Crossref]
Sahm, A. Oprea, N. Bǎrsan, and U. Weimar, “Water and ammonia influence on the conduction mechanisms in polyacrylic acid films,” Sens. Actuat. B 127, 204–209 (2007).
[Crossref]
K. Dioumaev, “Infrared methods for monitoring the protonation state of carboxylic amino acids in the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin,” Biochemistry (Moscow) 66, 1269–1276 (2001).
[Crossref]
Saito, T. Gojo, K. Yato, and M. Miyagi, “Optical constants of polymer coatings in the infrared,” Infrared Phys. Technol. 36, 1125–1129 (1995).
[Crossref]
Y. Wang, Y. Abe, Y. Matsuura, M. Miyagi, and H. Uyama, “Refractive indices and extinction coefficients of polymers for the mid-infrared region,” Appl. Opt. 37, 7091–7095 (1998).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

Schenk, I. W. Marison, and U. von Stockar, “pH prediction and control in bioprocesses using mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100, 82–83 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (6)

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, P.-A. Lamoine, Y. DeWilde, and L. R. Wilson, “Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007).
[Crossref]

Sahm, A. Oprea, N. Bǎrsan, and U. Weimar, “Water and ammonia influence on the conduction mechanisms in polyacrylic acid films,” Sens. Actuat. B 127, 204–209 (2007).
[Crossref]

B. S. Williams, “Terahertz quantum-cascade lasers,” Nat. Photon. 1, 517–525 (2007).
[Crossref]

M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, A. Belyanin, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, D. C. Oakley, C. J. Vineis, and G. W. Turner, “Terahertz quantum-cascade-laser source based on intracavity difference-frequency generation,” Nat. Photon. 1, 288–292 (2007).
[Crossref]

M. Lončar, B. G. Lee, L. Diehl, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, and E. Gini, “Design and fabrication of photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers for optofluidics,” Opt. Express 15, 4499–4514 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. A. Belkin, M. Lončar, B. G. Lee, C. Pflügl, R. Audet, L. Diehl, F. Capasso, D. Bour, S. Corzine, and G. Höfler, “Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with narrow-ridge microfluidic quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Express 15, 11262–11271 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (3)

S. Song, S. S. Howard, Z. Liu, A. O. Dirisu, C. F. Gmachl, and C. B. Arnold, “Mode tuning of quantum cascade lasers through optical processing of chalcogenide glass claddings,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 041115 (2006).
[Crossref]

L. Diehl, B. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Lončar, M. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Express 14, 11660–11667 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Guan, S. Tan, J. Xu, S. Cheng, and X. Zhang, “Water uptake behavior of hydrogen-bonded PVPON-PAA LBL film,” Soft Matter 2, 699–704 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (5)

Oprea and U. Weimar, “High sensitivity polyacrylic acid films for ammonia detection with field effect devices,” Sens. Actuat. B 111–112, 572–576 (2005).
[Crossref]

P. Musto, L. Mascia, G. Mensitieri, and G. Ragosta, “Diffusion of water and ammonia through poyimidesilica bicontinuous nanocomposites: interactions and reactions” Polymer 46, 4492–4503 (2005).
[Crossref]

C. Pflügl, M. Austerer, W. Schrenk, S. Golka, G. Strasser, R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, J. W. Cockburn, A. B. Krysa, and J. S. Roberts, “Single-mode surface-emitting quantum-cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 211102 (2005).
[Crossref]

D. L. Woolard, E. R. Brown, M. Pepper, and M. Kemp, “Terahertz frequency sensing and imaging: a time of reckoning future applications?” Proc. IEEE 93, 1722–1743 (2005).
[Crossref]

D. Barate, R. Teissier, Y. Wang, and A. N. Baranov, “Short wavelength intersubband emission from InAs/AlSb quantum cascade structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 051103 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (3)

C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, S. Anders, and G. Strasser, “Spectral dynamics of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 19, S336–S338 (2004).
[Crossref]

D. Sarkar and P. Somasundaran, “Conformatinal dynamic of poly(acrylic acid). A study using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy,” Langmuir 20, 4657–4664 (2004).
[Crossref]

R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529–5531 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C. F. Gmachl, D. M. Tennant, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, and F. Capasso, “Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science 302, 1374–1377 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (2)

J. Ulrich, J. Kreuter, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, and K. Unterrainer, “Long wavelength (15 and 23 µm) GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3691–3693 (2002).
[Crossref]

C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, R. Colombelli, F. Capasso, and A. Y. Cho, “Ultra-broadband semiconductor laser,” Nature 415, 883–887(2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (2)

K. Dioumaev, “Infrared methods for monitoring the protonation state of carboxylic amino acids in the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin,” Biochemistry (Moscow) 66, 1269–1276 (2001).
[Crossref]

F. Mohammad, M. Z. A. Rahman, and A. Kassim, “An experimental study on diffusion in electrically conducting polymers,” Chem. Environ. Res. 10, 41–46 (2001).

1999 (1)

D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, M. Beck, and U. Oesterle, “Surface-emitting 10.1 µm quantum-cascade distributed feedback lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3769–3771 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

Y. Wang, Y. Abe, Y. Matsuura, M. Miyagi, and H. Uyama, “Refractive indices and extinction coefficients of polymers for the mid-infrared region,” Appl. Opt. 37, 7091–7095 (1998).
[Crossref]

1997 (2)

H. Hoffmann, M. L. T. Liveri, and F. P. Cavasino, “Electric birefringence and zero-shear vixcosity studies of the conformational changes of polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids with pH and concentration,” J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 93, 3161–3165 (1997).
[Crossref]

J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, C. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670–2672 (1997).
[Crossref]

1996 (1)

M. Sarangan, W. P. Huang, G. P. Li, and T. Makino, “A ridge waveguide DFB laser model including transverse carrier and optical effects,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 408–416 (1996).
[Crossref]

1995 (1)

Saito, T. Gojo, K. Yato, and M. Miyagi, “Optical constants of polymer coatings in the infrared,” Infrared Phys. Technol. 36, 1125–1129 (1995).
[Crossref]

1994 (2)

F. L. Buchholz and N. A. Peppas, “Superabsorbent polymers: science and technology” ACS Symp. Ser. 573 (1994).
[Crossref]

J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sitori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science 264, 553–556 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1990 (1)

T. Bae, D. A. Scherson, and E. B. Yeager, “Infrared spectroscopic determination of pH changes in diffusionally decoupled thin-layer electrochemical cells,” Anal. Chem. 62, 45–49 (1990).
[Crossref]

1985 (1)

J. Buchanan, B. Hird, and T. M. Letcher, “Primary hydration of poly(acrylic acid) sodium salts” Polym. Bull. 16, 493–498 (1985).

Abe, Y.

Y. Wang, Y. Abe, Y. Matsuura, M. Miyagi, and H. Uyama, “Refractive indices and extinction coefficients of polymers for the mid-infrared region,” Appl. Opt. 37, 7091–7095 (1998).
[Crossref]

Aellen, T.

Anders, S.

C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, S. Anders, and G. Strasser, “Spectral dynamics of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 19, S336–S338 (2004).
[Crossref]

Arnold, C. B.

Audet, R.

Austerer, M.

Bae, T.

Bahriz, M.

Baillargeon, J. N.

J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, C. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670–2672 (1997).
[Crossref]

Baranov, A. N.

D. Barate, R. Teissier, Y. Wang, and A. N. Baranov, “Short wavelength intersubband emission from InAs/AlSb quantum cascade structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 051103 (2005).
[Crossref]

Barate, D.

D. Barate, R. Teissier, Y. Wang, and A. N. Baranov, “Short wavelength intersubband emission from InAs/AlSb quantum cascade structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 051103 (2005).
[Crossref]

Barsan, N.

Sahm, A. Oprea, N. Bǎrsan, and U. Weimar, “Water and ammonia influence on the conduction mechanisms in polyacrylic acid films,” Sens. Actuat. B 127, 204–209 (2007).
[Crossref]

Beck, M.

D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, M. Beck, and U. Oesterle, “Surface-emitting 10.1 µm quantum-cascade distributed feedback lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3769–3771 (1999).
[Crossref]

Behroozi, P.

Belkin, M.

Belkin, M. A.

Belyanin, A.

Bour, D.

Brown, E. R.

D. L. Woolard, E. R. Brown, M. Pepper, and M. Kemp, “Terahertz frequency sensing and imaging: a time of reckoning future applications?” Proc. IEEE 93, 1722–1743 (2005).
[Crossref]

Buchanan, J.

J. Buchanan, B. Hird, and T. M. Letcher, “Primary hydration of poly(acrylic acid) sodium salts” Polym. Bull. 16, 493–498 (1985).

Buchholz, F. L.

F. L. Buchholz and N. A. Peppas, “Superabsorbent polymers: science and technology” ACS Symp. Ser. 573 (1994).
[Crossref]

Capasso, F.

C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, R. Colombelli, F. Capasso, and A. Y. Cho, “Ultra-broadband semiconductor laser,” Nature 415, 883–887(2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, C. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670–2672 (1997).
[Crossref]

J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sitori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science 264, 553–556 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cavasino, F. P.

Cheng, S.

S. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Guan, S. Tan, J. Xu, S. Cheng, and X. Zhang, “Water uptake behavior of hydrogen-bonded PVPON-PAA LBL film,” Soft Matter 2, 699–704 (2006).
[Crossref]

Cho, A. Y.

C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, R. Colombelli, F. Capasso, and A. Y. Cho, “Ultra-broadband semiconductor laser,” Nature 415, 883–887(2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, C. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670–2672 (1997).
[Crossref]

J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sitori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science 264, 553–556 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cockburn, J. W.

Colombelli, R.

C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, R. Colombelli, F. Capasso, and A. Y. Cho, “Ultra-broadband semiconductor laser,” Nature 415, 883–887(2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Corzine, S.

Cullis, A. G.

DeWilde, Y.

Diehl, L.

Dioumaev, K.

K. Dioumaev, “Infrared methods for monitoring the protonation state of carboxylic amino acids in the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin,” Biochemistry (Moscow) 66, 1269–1276 (2001).
[Crossref]

Dirisu, A. O.

Faist, J.

D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, M. Beck, and U. Oesterle, “Surface-emitting 10.1 µm quantum-cascade distributed feedback lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3769–3771 (1999).
[Crossref]

J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, C. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670–2672 (1997).
[Crossref]

J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sitori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science 264, 553–556 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gini, E.

Giovannini, M.

Gmachl, C.

C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, R. Colombelli, F. Capasso, and A. Y. Cho, “Ultra-broadband semiconductor laser,” Nature 415, 883–887(2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, C. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670–2672 (1997).
[Crossref]

Gmachl, C. F.

Gojo, T.

Saito, T. Gojo, K. Yato, and M. Miyagi, “Optical constants of polymer coatings in the infrared,” Infrared Phys. Technol. 36, 1125–1129 (1995).
[Crossref]

Golka, S.

Green, R. P.

Guan, Y.

S. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Guan, S. Tan, J. Xu, S. Cheng, and X. Zhang, “Water uptake behavior of hydrogen-bonded PVPON-PAA LBL film,” Soft Matter 2, 699–704 (2006).
[Crossref]

Hird, B.

J. Buchanan, B. Hird, and T. M. Letcher, “Primary hydration of poly(acrylic acid) sodium salts” Polym. Bull. 16, 493–498 (1985).

Hoffmann, H.

Höfler, G.

Hofstetter, D.

D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, M. Beck, and U. Oesterle, “Surface-emitting 10.1 µm quantum-cascade distributed feedback lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3769–3771 (1999).
[Crossref]

Howard, S. S.

Huang, W. P.

M. Sarangan, W. P. Huang, G. P. Li, and T. Makino, “A ridge waveguide DFB laser model including transverse carrier and optical effects,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 408–416 (1996).
[Crossref]

Hummel, D. O.

D. O. Hummel and F. Scholl, Atlas der Polymer- und Kunststoffanalyse Band 2, Kapitel 5.4. (Carl Hanser Verlag, München & VCH, Weinheim, 1988).

Hutchinson, A. L.

J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sitori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science 264, 553–556 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kassim, A.

F. Mohammad, M. Z. A. Rahman, and A. Kassim, “An experimental study on diffusion in electrically conducting polymers,” Chem. Environ. Res. 10, 41–46 (2001).

Kemp, M.

D. L. Woolard, E. R. Brown, M. Pepper, and M. Kemp, “Terahertz frequency sensing and imaging: a time of reckoning future applications?” Proc. IEEE 93, 1722–1743 (2005).
[Crossref]

Kreuter, J.

J. Ulrich, J. Kreuter, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, and K. Unterrainer, “Long wavelength (15 and 23 µm) GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3691–3693 (2002).
[Crossref]

Krysa, A. B.

Lamoine, P.-A.

Lee, B.

Lee, B. G.

Letcher, T. M.

J. Buchanan, B. Hird, and T. M. Letcher, “Primary hydration of poly(acrylic acid) sodium salts” Polym. Bull. 16, 493–498 (1985).

Li, G. P.

M. Sarangan, W. P. Huang, G. P. Li, and T. Makino, “A ridge waveguide DFB laser model including transverse carrier and optical effects,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 408–416 (1996).
[Crossref]

Liu, Z.

Liveri, M. L. T.

Loncar, M.

Makino, T.

M. Sarangan, W. P. Huang, G. P. Li, and T. Makino, “A ridge waveguide DFB laser model including transverse carrier and optical effects,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 408–416 (1996).
[Crossref]

Marison, I. W.

Schenk, I. W. Marison, and U. von Stockar, “pH prediction and control in bioprocesses using mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100, 82–83 (2008).
[Crossref]

Mascia, L.

Matsuura, Y.

Y. Wang, Y. Abe, Y. Matsuura, M. Miyagi, and H. Uyama, “Refractive indices and extinction coefficients of polymers for the mid-infrared region,” Appl. Opt. 37, 7091–7095 (1998).
[Crossref]

Mensitieri, G.

Miyagi, M.

Y. Wang, Y. Abe, Y. Matsuura, M. Miyagi, and H. Uyama, “Refractive indices and extinction coefficients of polymers for the mid-infrared region,” Appl. Opt. 37, 7091–7095 (1998).
[Crossref]

Saito, T. Gojo, K. Yato, and M. Miyagi, “Optical constants of polymer coatings in the infrared,” Infrared Phys. Technol. 36, 1125–1129 (1995).
[Crossref]

Mohammad, F.

F. Mohammad, M. Z. A. Rahman, and A. Kassim, “An experimental study on diffusion in electrically conducting polymers,” Chem. Environ. Res. 10, 41–46 (2001).

Moreau, V.

Musto, P.

Oakley, D. C.

Oesterle, U.

D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, M. Beck, and U. Oesterle, “Surface-emitting 10.1 µm quantum-cascade distributed feedback lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3769–3771 (1999).
[Crossref]

Oprea,

Oprea and U. Weimar, “High sensitivity polyacrylic acid films for ammonia detection with field effect devices,” Sens. Actuat. B 111–112, 572–576 (2005).
[Crossref]

Oprea, A.

Sahm, A. Oprea, N. Bǎrsan, and U. Weimar, “Water and ammonia influence on the conduction mechanisms in polyacrylic acid films,” Sens. Actuat. B 127, 204–209 (2007).
[Crossref]

Painter, O.

Peppas, N. A.

F. L. Buchholz and N. A. Peppas, “Superabsorbent polymers: science and technology” ACS Symp. Ser. 573 (1994).
[Crossref]

Pepper, M.

D. L. Woolard, E. R. Brown, M. Pepper, and M. Kemp, “Terahertz frequency sensing and imaging: a time of reckoning future applications?” Proc. IEEE 93, 1722–1743 (2005).
[Crossref]

Pflügl, C.

C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, S. Anders, and G. Strasser, “Spectral dynamics of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 19, S336–S338 (2004).
[Crossref]

Ragosta, G.

Rahman, M. Z. A.

F. Mohammad, M. Z. A. Rahman, and A. Kassim, “An experimental study on diffusion in electrically conducting polymers,” Chem. Environ. Res. 10, 41–46 (2001).

Revin, D. G.

Roberts, J. S.

Sahm,

Sahm, A. Oprea, N. Bǎrsan, and U. Weimar, “Water and ammonia influence on the conduction mechanisms in polyacrylic acid films,” Sens. Actuat. B 127, 204–209 (2007).
[Crossref]

Saito,

Saito, T. Gojo, K. Yato, and M. Miyagi, “Optical constants of polymer coatings in the infrared,” Infrared Phys. Technol. 36, 1125–1129 (1995).
[Crossref]

Sarangan, M.

M. Sarangan, W. P. Huang, G. P. Li, and T. Makino, “A ridge waveguide DFB laser model including transverse carrier and optical effects,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 408–416 (1996).
[Crossref]

Sarkar, D.

D. Sarkar and P. Somasundaran, “Conformatinal dynamic of poly(acrylic acid). A study using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy,” Langmuir 20, 4657–4664 (2004).
[Crossref]

Schenk,

Schenk, I. W. Marison, and U. von Stockar, “pH prediction and control in bioprocesses using mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100, 82–83 (2008).
[Crossref]

Scherson, D. A.

Scholl, F.

D. O. Hummel and F. Scholl, Atlas der Polymer- und Kunststoffanalyse Band 2, Kapitel 5.4. (Carl Hanser Verlag, München & VCH, Weinheim, 1988).

Schrenk, W.

C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, S. Anders, and G. Strasser, “Spectral dynamics of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 19, S336–S338 (2004).
[Crossref]

J. Ulrich, J. Kreuter, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, and K. Unterrainer, “Long wavelength (15 and 23 µm) GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3691–3693 (2002).
[Crossref]

Sergent, A. M.

Sirtori, C.

J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, C. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670–2672 (1997).
[Crossref]

Sitori, C.

J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sitori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science 264, 553–556 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sivco, C. L.

J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, C. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670–2672 (1997).
[Crossref]

Sivco, D. L.

C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, R. Colombelli, F. Capasso, and A. Y. Cho, “Ultra-broadband semiconductor laser,” Nature 415, 883–887(2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sitori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science 264, 553–556 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Somasundaran, P.

D. Sarkar and P. Somasundaran, “Conformatinal dynamic of poly(acrylic acid). A study using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy,” Langmuir 20, 4657–4664 (2004).
[Crossref]

Song, S.

Srinivasan, K.

Strasser, G.

C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, S. Anders, and G. Strasser, “Spectral dynamics of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 19, S336–S338 (2004).
[Crossref]

J. Ulrich, J. Kreuter, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, and K. Unterrainer, “Long wavelength (15 and 23 µm) GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3691–3693 (2002).
[Crossref]

Tan, S.

S. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Guan, S. Tan, J. Xu, S. Cheng, and X. Zhang, “Water uptake behavior of hydrogen-bonded PVPON-PAA LBL film,” Soft Matter 2, 699–704 (2006).
[Crossref]

Teissier, R.

D. Barate, R. Teissier, Y. Wang, and A. N. Baranov, “Short wavelength intersubband emission from InAs/AlSb quantum cascade structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 051103 (2005).
[Crossref]

Tennant, D. M.

Tey, C. M.

Troccoli, M.

Turner, G. W.

Ulrich, J.

J. Ulrich, J. Kreuter, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, and K. Unterrainer, “Long wavelength (15 and 23 µm) GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3691–3693 (2002).
[Crossref]

Unterrainer, K.

J. Ulrich, J. Kreuter, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, and K. Unterrainer, “Long wavelength (15 and 23 µm) GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3691–3693 (2002).
[Crossref]

Uyama, H.

Y. Wang, Y. Abe, Y. Matsuura, M. Miyagi, and H. Uyama, “Refractive indices and extinction coefficients of polymers for the mid-infrared region,” Appl. Opt. 37, 7091–7095 (1998).
[Crossref]

Vineis, C. J.

von Stockar, U.

Schenk, I. W. Marison, and U. von Stockar, “pH prediction and control in bioprocesses using mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100, 82–83 (2008).
[Crossref]

Wang, Y.

D. Barate, R. Teissier, Y. Wang, and A. N. Baranov, “Short wavelength intersubband emission from InAs/AlSb quantum cascade structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 051103 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. Wang, Y. Abe, Y. Matsuura, M. Miyagi, and H. Uyama, “Refractive indices and extinction coefficients of polymers for the mid-infrared region,” Appl. Opt. 37, 7091–7095 (1998).
[Crossref]

Weimar, U.

Sahm, A. Oprea, N. Bǎrsan, and U. Weimar, “Water and ammonia influence on the conduction mechanisms in polyacrylic acid films,” Sens. Actuat. B 127, 204–209 (2007).
[Crossref]

Oprea and U. Weimar, “High sensitivity polyacrylic acid films for ammonia detection with field effect devices,” Sens. Actuat. B 111–112, 572–576 (2005).
[Crossref]

Williams, B. S.

B. S. Williams, “Terahertz quantum-cascade lasers,” Nat. Photon. 1, 517–525 (2007).
[Crossref]

Wilson, L. R.

Woolard, D. L.

D. L. Woolard, E. R. Brown, M. Pepper, and M. Kemp, “Terahertz frequency sensing and imaging: a time of reckoning future applications?” Proc. IEEE 93, 1722–1743 (2005).
[Crossref]

Xu, J.

S. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Guan, S. Tan, J. Xu, S. Cheng, and X. Zhang, “Water uptake behavior of hydrogen-bonded PVPON-PAA LBL film,” Soft Matter 2, 699–704 (2006).
[Crossref]

Yang, S.

S. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Guan, S. Tan, J. Xu, S. Cheng, and X. Zhang, “Water uptake behavior of hydrogen-bonded PVPON-PAA LBL film,” Soft Matter 2, 699–704 (2006).
[Crossref]

Yato, K.

Saito, T. Gojo, K. Yato, and M. Miyagi, “Optical constants of polymer coatings in the infrared,” Infrared Phys. Technol. 36, 1125–1129 (1995).
[Crossref]

Yeager, E. B.

Zhang, X.

S. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Guan, S. Tan, J. Xu, S. Cheng, and X. Zhang, “Water uptake behavior of hydrogen-bonded PVPON-PAA LBL film,” Soft Matter 2, 699–704 (2006).
[Crossref]

Zhang, Y.

S. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Guan, S. Tan, J. Xu, S. Cheng, and X. Zhang, “Water uptake behavior of hydrogen-bonded PVPON-PAA LBL film,” Soft Matter 2, 699–704 (2006).
[Crossref]

Zibik, E. A.

ACS Symp. Ser. (1)

F. L. Buchholz and N. A. Peppas, “Superabsorbent polymers: science and technology” ACS Symp. Ser. 573 (1994).
[Crossref]

Anal. Chem. (1)

Appl. Opt. (1)

Y. Wang, Y. Abe, Y. Matsuura, M. Miyagi, and H. Uyama, “Refractive indices and extinction coefficients of polymers for the mid-infrared region,” Appl. Opt. 37, 7091–7095 (1998).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (8)

D. Barate, R. Teissier, Y. Wang, and A. N. Baranov, “Short wavelength intersubband emission from InAs/AlSb quantum cascade structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 051103 (2005).
[Crossref]

J. Ulrich, J. Kreuter, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, and K. Unterrainer, “Long wavelength (15 and 23 µm) GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3691–3693 (2002).
[Crossref]

J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, C. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670–2672 (1997).
[Crossref]

D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, M. Beck, and U. Oesterle, “Surface-emitting 10.1 µm quantum-cascade distributed feedback lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3769–3771 (1999).
[Crossref]

Biochemistry (Moscow) (1)

K. Dioumaev, “Infrared methods for monitoring the protonation state of carboxylic amino acids in the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin,” Biochemistry (Moscow) 66, 1269–1276 (2001).
[Crossref]

Biotechnol. Bioeng. (1)

Schenk, I. W. Marison, and U. von Stockar, “pH prediction and control in bioprocesses using mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100, 82–83 (2008).
[Crossref]

Chem. Environ. Res. (1)

F. Mohammad, M. Z. A. Rahman, and A. Kassim, “An experimental study on diffusion in electrically conducting polymers,” Chem. Environ. Res. 10, 41–46 (2001).

IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (1)

M. Sarangan, W. P. Huang, G. P. Li, and T. Makino, “A ridge waveguide DFB laser model including transverse carrier and optical effects,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 408–416 (1996).
[Crossref]

Infrared Phys. Technol. (1)

Saito, T. Gojo, K. Yato, and M. Miyagi, “Optical constants of polymer coatings in the infrared,” Infrared Phys. Technol. 36, 1125–1129 (1995).
[Crossref]

J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. (1)

Langmuir (1)

D. Sarkar and P. Somasundaran, “Conformatinal dynamic of poly(acrylic acid). A study using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy,” Langmuir 20, 4657–4664 (2004).
[Crossref]

Nat. Photon. (2)

B. S. Williams, “Terahertz quantum-cascade lasers,” Nat. Photon. 1, 517–525 (2007).
[Crossref]

Nature (1)

C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, R. Colombelli, F. Capasso, and A. Y. Cho, “Ultra-broadband semiconductor laser,” Nature 415, 883–887(2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Express (3)

Polym. Bull. (1)

J. Buchanan, B. Hird, and T. M. Letcher, “Primary hydration of poly(acrylic acid) sodium salts” Polym. Bull. 16, 493–498 (1985).

Polymer (1)

Proc. IEEE (1)

D. L. Woolard, E. R. Brown, M. Pepper, and M. Kemp, “Terahertz frequency sensing and imaging: a time of reckoning future applications?” Proc. IEEE 93, 1722–1743 (2005).
[Crossref]

Science (2)

J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sitori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science 264, 553–556 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Semicond. Sci. Technol. (1)

C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, S. Anders, and G. Strasser, “Spectral dynamics of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 19, S336–S338 (2004).
[Crossref]

Sens. Actuat. B (2)

Oprea and U. Weimar, “High sensitivity polyacrylic acid films for ammonia detection with field effect devices,” Sens. Actuat. B 111–112, 572–576 (2005).
[Crossref]

Sahm, A. Oprea, N. Bǎrsan, and U. Weimar, “Water and ammonia influence on the conduction mechanisms in polyacrylic acid films,” Sens. Actuat. B 127, 204–209 (2007).
[Crossref]

Soft Matter (1)

S. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Guan, S. Tan, J. Xu, S. Cheng, and X. Zhang, “Water uptake behavior of hydrogen-bonded PVPON-PAA LBL film,” Soft Matter 2, 699–704 (2006).
[Crossref]

Other (2)

D. O. Hummel and F. Scholl, Atlas der Polymer- und Kunststoffanalyse Band 2, Kapitel 5.4. (Carl Hanser Verlag, München & VCH, Weinheim, 1988).

http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/.

Cited By

OSA participates in Crossref's Cited-By Linking service. Citing articles from OSA journals and other participating publishers are listed here.

Alert me when this article is cited.

Click here to see a list of articles that cite this paper

Fig. 1. Basic design of the PAA-coated QCLs

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 2. (a) Absorbance FTIR spectra of PAA in its acid (red, dashed curve) and potassium salt state (blue, solid curve) measured in transmission on a 2 µm thick film of PAA on silicon. (b) Close-up of the absorbance spectrum in the range between 1200 and 1400 cm^-1. The gray rectangle marks the emission wavenumber range of the QCLs.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3. Emission spectra of QCLs with different ridge width, ranging from 28 to 58 µm. Dotted black lines represent the native QCLs, solid blue lines represents the PAA/potassium salt coated QCLs, and dashed red lines represent the PAA in its acid-state. All lasers are 2 mm long and are operated at room temperature. The thickness of the PAA coating is 500 nm.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 4. Time-resolved transmission FTIR-characterization of the pH-switching behavior of a 2 µm film of PAA at 1725 cm^-1 and 1550 cm^-1. (a) Change of the transmissivity of the salt-state PAA during a 20 s exposure to HCl vapours. (b) Change of the transmissivity of the acid-state PAA during a 20 s exposure to NH₃ vapors. (c) Repeated switching between acid- and salt-state PAA every 15s. The related spectra were recorded every 1.5s with a spectral resolution of 2 cm^-1 at room temperature.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 5. Time-resolved emission-characterization of the pH-switching behavior of the 38 µm wide QCL. (a) Change in the emission spectrum of the acid-state laser upon exposure to ammonia vapors. Spectral resolution is 0.5 cm^-1. Flushing of the laser with ammonia vapors was initiated after 4 s. (b) Change in the emission spectrum of the ammonium salt-state PAA due to the effusion of ammonia from the polymer. (c) Repeated switching between acid- and salt-state PAA by exposure to ammonia vapor (switch to even numbers) and effusion of ammonia from the polymer or exposure to HCl vapors (switch to odd numbers). Numbers represent the centre of a gaussian fit to the emission spectra peak. All measurements were performed at room temperature.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 6. IV-characteristics and power output of the 38 µm wide QCL for different modifications. The dotted black curves represent the IV and the peak power for the native QCL, the solid blue lines represent the same laser after PAA/potassium salt coating, and the dashed red line represents the same laser after a 15 s exposure to HCl vapors. All measurements were performed at room temperature.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 7. (a) and (b) show the refractive index line ups together with calculated waveguide modes for the native laser and for a laser with a 500 nm layer of polymer on top, respectively. The effective refractive index as well as the confinement to the active region stay almost constant whereas losses increase by 20%. This can also be seen in (c) presenting the influence of the polymer thickness on the confinement factor Γ (dashed line) and the waveguide losses α_w (solid line).

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Equations (3)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

λ = 2 Λ n_{eff}

ε = \frac{A}{d \cdot c}

α = \frac{A}{d}