Remote multi-color excitation using femtosecond propagating surface plasmon polaritons in gold films

Yong Wang; Xuejun Liu; Desiré Whitmore; Wendong Xing; Eric O. Potma

doi:10.1364/OE.19.013454

Remote multi-color excitation using femtosecond propagating surface plasmon polaritons in gold films

Yong Wang, Xuejun Liu, Desiré Whitmore, Wendong Xing, and Eric O. Potma

Optics Express
Vol. 19,
Issue 14,
pp. 13454-13463
(2011)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.013454

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Yong Wang, Xuejun Liu, Desiré Whitmore, Wendong Xing, and Eric O. Potma, "Remote multi-color excitation using femtosecond propagating surface plasmon polaritons in gold films," Opt. Express 19, 13454-13463 (2011)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Optics at Surfaces
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Multiphoton processes (190.4180)
- Nonlinear optics at surfaces (240.4350)
- Surface plasmons (240.6680)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: March 10, 2011
- Revised Manuscript: June 7, 2011
- Manuscript Accepted: June 15, 2011
- Published: June 28, 2011
Virtual Issues
Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 6, Iss. 8

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Open Access

Abstract

We demonstrate dual-color nonlinear excitation of quantum dots positioned onto a gold film at distances up to 40 μm away from a micrometer sized focused laser spot. We attribute the observed remote nonlinear signal to the excitation of two independent surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes excited at the laser spot in the gold film, which subsequently propagate in a collinear fashion to a distant site and provide the surface field required for nonlinear excitation of the target. This scheme decouples the illuminating photon flux from surface plasmon mediated nonlinear excitation of the target, which provides more control of unwanted heating effects at the target site and represents an attractive approach for surface-mediated femtosecond nonlinear examinations of molecules.

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References

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Publication

S. A. Maier, ed., Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications (Springer, 2007).
M. Fleischmann, P. J. Hendra, and A. J. McQuillan, “Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 26, 163–166 (1974).
[Crossref]
D. L. Jeanmaire and R. P. V. Duyne, “Surface Raman spectroelectrochemistry: part I. heterocyclic, aromatic, and aliphatic amines adsorbed on the anodized silver electrode,” J. Electroanal. Chem. 84, 1–20 (1977).
[Crossref]
M. Moskovits, “Surface-enhanced spectroscopy,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 783–826 (1985).
[Crossref]
S. Nie and S. R. Emory, “Probing single molecules and single nanoparticles by surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Science 275, 1102–1106 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. A. Dieringer, R. B. Lettan, K. A. Scheidt, and R. P. V. Duyne, “A frequency domain existence proof of single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 16249–16256 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
G. Haran, “Single-molecule Raman spectroscopy: a probe of surface dynamics and plasmonic fields,” Acc. Chem. Res. 8, 1135–1143 (2010).
[Crossref]
E. J. Sánchez, L. Novotny, and X. S. Xie, “Near-field fluorescence microscopy based on two-photon excitation with metal tips,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4014–4017 (1999).
[Crossref]
A. N. Bordenyuk, C. Weeraman, A. K. Yatawara, H. D. Jayathilake, I. V. Stiopkin, Y. Liu, and A. V. Benderskii, “Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy of Dodecanethiol on Metal Nanoparticles,” J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 8925–8933 (2007).
[Crossref]
T. Ichimura, N. Hayazawa, M. Hashimoto, Y. Inouye, and S. Kawata, “Local enhancement of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering by isolated gold nanoparticles,” J. Raman Spectrosc. 34, 651–654 (2003).
[Crossref]
T. Ichimura, N. Hayazawa, M. Hashimoto, Y. Inouye, and S. Kawata, “Tip-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering for vibrational nanoimaging,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 220801 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
G. T. Boyd, Z. H. Yu, and Y. R. Shen, “Photoinduced luminescence from the noble metals and its enhancement on roughened surfaces,” Phys. Rev. B 33, 7923–7936 (1986).
[Crossref]
K. Imura, T. Nagahara, and H. Okamoto, “Near-field two-photon induced photoluminscence from single gold nanorods and imaging of plasmon modes,” J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 13214–13220 (2005).
[Crossref]
M. Danckwerts and L. Novotny, “Optical frequency mixing at coupled gold nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 026104 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Kim, D. K. Taggart, C. Xiang, R. M. Penner, and E. O. Potma, “Spatial control of coherent anti-Stokes emission with height-modulated gold zig-zag nanowires,” Nano Lett. 8, 2373–2377 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Wang, C-Yu Lin, A. Nikolaenko, V. Raghunathan, and E. O. Potma, “Four-wave mixing microscopy of nanostructures,” Adv. Opt. Photon. 3, 1–52 (2011).
[Crossref]
S. Link, C. Burda, M. B. Mohamed, B. Nikoobakht, and M. A. El-Sayed, “Laser photothermal melting and fragmentation of gold nanorods: energy and laser pulse-width dependence,” J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 1165–1170 (1999).
[Crossref]
S. Link, C. Burda, B. Nikoobakht, and M. A. El-Sayed, “Laser-induced shape changes of colloidal gold nanorods using femtosecond and nanosecond laser pulses,” J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 6152–6163 (2000).
[Crossref]
A. Bouhelier, R. Bachelot, G. Lerondel, S. Kostcheev, P. Royer, and G. P. Wiederrecht, “Surface plasmon characteristics of tunable photoluminescence in single gold nanorods,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95267405 (2005).
[Crossref]
E. Verhagen, L. Kuipers, and A. Polman, “Enhanced nonlinear optical effects with a tapered plasmonic waveguide,” Nano Lett. 7, 334–337 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
E. Verhagen, A. Polman, and L. Kuipers, “Nanofocusing in laterally tapered plasmonic waveguides,” Opt. Express 16, 45–57 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
V. S. Volkov, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, S. G. Rodrigo, L. Martn-Moreno, F. J. Garciá-Vidal, E. Devaux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Nanofocusing with channel plasmon polaritons,” Nano Lett. 9, 1278–1282 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C. Ropers, C. C. Neacsu, T. Elsaesser, M. Albrecht, M. B. Raschke, and C. Lienau, “Grating-coupling of surface plasmons onto metallic tips: a nanoconfined light source,” Nano Lett. 7, 2784–2788 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C. C. Neacsu, S. Berweger, R. L. Olmon, L. V. Saraf, C. Ropers, and M. B. Raschke, “Near-field localization in plasmonic superfocusing: a nanoemitter on a tip,” Nano Lett. 10, 592–596 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
D. R. Ward, N. K. Grady, C. S. Levin, N. J. Halas, Y. Wu, P. Nordlander, and D. Natelson, “Electromigrates nanoscale gaps for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,” Nano Lett. 7, 1396–1400 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. M. Baik, S. J. Lee, and M. Moskovits, “Polarized surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy from molecules adsorbed in nano-gaps produced by electromigration in silver nanowires,” Nano Lett. 9, 672–676 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Fang, H. Wei, F. Hao, P. Nordlander, and H. Xu, “Remote-excitation surface-enhanced Raman scattering using propagating Ag nanowire plasmons,” Nano Lett. 9, 2049–2053 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Ditlbacher, J.R. Krenn, N. Felidj, B. Lambrecht, G. Schider, M. Salerno, A. Leitner, and F. R. Aussenegg, “Fluorescence imaging of surface plasmon fields,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 404–406 (2002).
[Crossref]
A. Kuzyk, M. Pettersson, J. J. Toppari, T. K. Hakala, H. Tikkanen, H. Kunttu, and P. Törmä, “Molecular coupling of light with plasmonic waveguides,” Opt. Express 15, 9908–9917 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. M. Gunn, M. Ewald, and M. Dantus, “Polarization and phase control of remote surface-plasmon-mediated two-photon-induced emission and waveguiding,” Nano Lett. 6, 2804–2809 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. M. Gunn, S. H. High, V. V. Lozovoy, and M. Dantus, “Measurement and control of ultrashort optical pulse propagation in metal nanoparticle-covered dielectric surfaces,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 12375–12381 (2010).
[Crossref]
C. K. Shen, A. R. B. de Castro, and Y. R. Shen, “Coherent second-harmonic generation by counterpropagating surface plasmons,” Opt. Lett. 4, 393–394 (1979).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
X. Liu, Y. Wang, and E. O. Potma, “Surface-mediated four-wave mixing of nanostructures with counterpropagating surface plasmon polaritons,” Opt. Lett. 36, 2348–2350 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. Bouhelier, F. Ignatovich, A. Bruyant, C. Huang, G. C. d. Francs, J.-C. Weeber, A. Dereux, G. P. Wiederrecht, and L. Novotny, “Surface plasmon interference excited by tightly focused laser beams,” Opt. Lett. 32, 2535–2537 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Palomda and L. Novotny, “Nonlinear excitation of surface plasmon polariton by four-wave mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 056802 (2008).
[Crossref]
E. Kretschmann and H. Raether, “Radiative decay of non radiative plasmons excited by light,” Z. Naturforsch. A 23, 2135–2136 (1968).
B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, L. Novotny, Y. Inouye, and D. W. Pohl, “Local excitation, scattering, and interference of surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1889–1892 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. Bouhelier, Th. Huser, H.-J. Güntherodt, D. W. Pohl, F. I. Baida, and D. V. Labeke, “Plasmon optics of structured silver films,” Phys. Rev. B 63, 155404 (2001).
[Crossref]
R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, and M. L. Brongersma, “Near-field characterization of guided polariton propagation and cutoff in surface plasmon waveguides,” Phys. Rev. B 74, 165415 (2006).
[Crossref]
P. A. Letnes, I. Simonson, and D. L. Mills, “Substrate influence on the plasmonic response of clusters of spherical nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. B 83, 075426 (2011).
[Crossref]
J. Renger, R. Quidant, N. v. Hulst, and L. Novotny, “Surface-enhanced nonlinear four-wave-mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 046803 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Renger, R. Quidant, N. v. Hulst, S. Palomba, and L. Novotny, “Free-space excitation of propagating surface plasmon polaritons by nonlinear four-wave-mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 266802 (2009).
[Crossref]
C. K. Chen, A. R. B. de Castro, and Y. R. Shen, “Surface coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 946–949 (1979).
[Crossref]

2011 (3)

Y. Wang, C-Yu Lin, A. Nikolaenko, V. Raghunathan, and E. O. Potma, “Four-wave mixing microscopy of nanostructures,” Adv. Opt. Photon. 3, 1–52 (2011).
[Crossref]

X. Liu, Y. Wang, and E. O. Potma, “Surface-mediated four-wave mixing of nanostructures with counterpropagating surface plasmon polaritons,” Opt. Lett. 36, 2348–2350 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. A. Letnes, I. Simonson, and D. L. Mills, “Substrate influence on the plasmonic response of clusters of spherical nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. B 83, 075426 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (4)

J. Renger, R. Quidant, N. v. Hulst, and L. Novotny, “Surface-enhanced nonlinear four-wave-mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 046803 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. M. Gunn, S. H. High, V. V. Lozovoy, and M. Dantus, “Measurement and control of ultrashort optical pulse propagation in metal nanoparticle-covered dielectric surfaces,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 12375–12381 (2010).
[Crossref]

C. C. Neacsu, S. Berweger, R. L. Olmon, L. V. Saraf, C. Ropers, and M. B. Raschke, “Near-field localization in plasmonic superfocusing: a nanoemitter on a tip,” Nano Lett. 10, 592–596 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Haran, “Single-molecule Raman spectroscopy: a probe of surface dynamics and plasmonic fields,” Acc. Chem. Res. 8, 1135–1143 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (4)

V. S. Volkov, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, S. G. Rodrigo, L. Martn-Moreno, F. J. Garciá-Vidal, E. Devaux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Nanofocusing with channel plasmon polaritons,” Nano Lett. 9, 1278–1282 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. M. Baik, S. J. Lee, and M. Moskovits, “Polarized surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy from molecules adsorbed in nano-gaps produced by electromigration in silver nanowires,” Nano Lett. 9, 672–676 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Fang, H. Wei, F. Hao, P. Nordlander, and H. Xu, “Remote-excitation surface-enhanced Raman scattering using propagating Ag nanowire plasmons,” Nano Lett. 9, 2049–2053 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Renger, R. Quidant, N. v. Hulst, S. Palomba, and L. Novotny, “Free-space excitation of propagating surface plasmon polaritons by nonlinear four-wave-mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 266802 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (3)

S. Palomda and L. Novotny, “Nonlinear excitation of surface plasmon polariton by four-wave mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 056802 (2008).
[Crossref]

E. Verhagen, A. Polman, and L. Kuipers, “Nanofocusing in laterally tapered plasmonic waveguides,” Opt. Express 16, 45–57 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Kim, D. K. Taggart, C. Xiang, R. M. Penner, and E. O. Potma, “Spatial control of coherent anti-Stokes emission with height-modulated gold zig-zag nanowires,” Nano Lett. 8, 2373–2377 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (8)

M. Danckwerts and L. Novotny, “Optical frequency mixing at coupled gold nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 026104 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. A. Dieringer, R. B. Lettan, K. A. Scheidt, and R. P. V. Duyne, “A frequency domain existence proof of single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 16249–16256 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. N. Bordenyuk, C. Weeraman, A. K. Yatawara, H. D. Jayathilake, I. V. Stiopkin, Y. Liu, and A. V. Benderskii, “Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy of Dodecanethiol on Metal Nanoparticles,” J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 8925–8933 (2007).
[Crossref]

E. Verhagen, L. Kuipers, and A. Polman, “Enhanced nonlinear optical effects with a tapered plasmonic waveguide,” Nano Lett. 7, 334–337 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Ropers, C. C. Neacsu, T. Elsaesser, M. Albrecht, M. B. Raschke, and C. Lienau, “Grating-coupling of surface plasmons onto metallic tips: a nanoconfined light source,” Nano Lett. 7, 2784–2788 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. R. Ward, N. K. Grady, C. S. Levin, N. J. Halas, Y. Wu, P. Nordlander, and D. Natelson, “Electromigrates nanoscale gaps for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,” Nano Lett. 7, 1396–1400 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Kuzyk, M. Pettersson, J. J. Toppari, T. K. Hakala, H. Tikkanen, H. Kunttu, and P. Törmä, “Molecular coupling of light with plasmonic waveguides,” Opt. Express 15, 9908–9917 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Bouhelier, F. Ignatovich, A. Bruyant, C. Huang, G. C. d. Francs, J.-C. Weeber, A. Dereux, G. P. Wiederrecht, and L. Novotny, “Surface plasmon interference excited by tightly focused laser beams,” Opt. Lett. 32, 2535–2537 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (2)

J. M. Gunn, M. Ewald, and M. Dantus, “Polarization and phase control of remote surface-plasmon-mediated two-photon-induced emission and waveguiding,” Nano Lett. 6, 2804–2809 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, and M. L. Brongersma, “Near-field characterization of guided polariton propagation and cutoff in surface plasmon waveguides,” Phys. Rev. B 74, 165415 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (2)

A. Bouhelier, R. Bachelot, G. Lerondel, S. Kostcheev, P. Royer, and G. P. Wiederrecht, “Surface plasmon characteristics of tunable photoluminescence in single gold nanorods,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95267405 (2005).
[Crossref]

K. Imura, T. Nagahara, and H. Okamoto, “Near-field two-photon induced photoluminscence from single gold nanorods and imaging of plasmon modes,” J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 13214–13220 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

T. Ichimura, N. Hayazawa, M. Hashimoto, Y. Inouye, and S. Kawata, “Tip-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering for vibrational nanoimaging,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 220801 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (1)

T. Ichimura, N. Hayazawa, M. Hashimoto, Y. Inouye, and S. Kawata, “Local enhancement of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering by isolated gold nanoparticles,” J. Raman Spectrosc. 34, 651–654 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

H. Ditlbacher, J.R. Krenn, N. Felidj, B. Lambrecht, G. Schider, M. Salerno, A. Leitner, and F. R. Aussenegg, “Fluorescence imaging of surface plasmon fields,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 404–406 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

A. Bouhelier, Th. Huser, H.-J. Güntherodt, D. W. Pohl, F. I. Baida, and D. V. Labeke, “Plasmon optics of structured silver films,” Phys. Rev. B 63, 155404 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

S. Link, C. Burda, B. Nikoobakht, and M. A. El-Sayed, “Laser-induced shape changes of colloidal gold nanorods using femtosecond and nanosecond laser pulses,” J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 6152–6163 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (2)

E. J. Sánchez, L. Novotny, and X. S. Xie, “Near-field fluorescence microscopy based on two-photon excitation with metal tips,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4014–4017 (1999).
[Crossref]

S. Link, C. Burda, M. B. Mohamed, B. Nikoobakht, and M. A. El-Sayed, “Laser photothermal melting and fragmentation of gold nanorods: energy and laser pulse-width dependence,” J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 1165–1170 (1999).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

S. Nie and S. R. Emory, “Probing single molecules and single nanoparticles by surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Science 275, 1102–1106 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1996 (1)

B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, L. Novotny, Y. Inouye, and D. W. Pohl, “Local excitation, scattering, and interference of surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1889–1892 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1986 (1)

G. T. Boyd, Z. H. Yu, and Y. R. Shen, “Photoinduced luminescence from the noble metals and its enhancement on roughened surfaces,” Phys. Rev. B 33, 7923–7936 (1986).
[Crossref]

1985 (1)

M. Moskovits, “Surface-enhanced spectroscopy,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 783–826 (1985).
[Crossref]

1979 (2)

C. K. Shen, A. R. B. de Castro, and Y. R. Shen, “Coherent second-harmonic generation by counterpropagating surface plasmons,” Opt. Lett. 4, 393–394 (1979).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. K. Chen, A. R. B. de Castro, and Y. R. Shen, “Surface coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 946–949 (1979).
[Crossref]

1977 (1)

D. L. Jeanmaire and R. P. V. Duyne, “Surface Raman spectroelectrochemistry: part I. heterocyclic, aromatic, and aliphatic amines adsorbed on the anodized silver electrode,” J. Electroanal. Chem. 84, 1–20 (1977).
[Crossref]

1974 (1)

M. Fleischmann, P. J. Hendra, and A. J. McQuillan, “Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 26, 163–166 (1974).
[Crossref]

1968 (1)

E. Kretschmann and H. Raether, “Radiative decay of non radiative plasmons excited by light,” Z. Naturforsch. A 23, 2135–2136 (1968).

Albrecht, M.

Aussenegg, F. R.

Bachelot, R.

Baida, F. I.

A. Bouhelier, Th. Huser, H.-J. Güntherodt, D. W. Pohl, F. I. Baida, and D. V. Labeke, “Plasmon optics of structured silver films,” Phys. Rev. B 63, 155404 (2001).
[Crossref]

Baik, J. M.

Benderskii, A. V.

Berweger, S.

Bielefeldt, H.

B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, L. Novotny, Y. Inouye, and D. W. Pohl, “Local excitation, scattering, and interference of surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1889–1892 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bordenyuk, A. N.

Bouhelier, A.

A. Bouhelier, Th. Huser, H.-J. Güntherodt, D. W. Pohl, F. I. Baida, and D. V. Labeke, “Plasmon optics of structured silver films,” Phys. Rev. B 63, 155404 (2001).
[Crossref]

Boyd, G. T.

G. T. Boyd, Z. H. Yu, and Y. R. Shen, “Photoinduced luminescence from the noble metals and its enhancement on roughened surfaces,” Phys. Rev. B 33, 7923–7936 (1986).
[Crossref]

Bozhevolnyi, S. I.

Brongersma, M. L.

R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, and M. L. Brongersma, “Near-field characterization of guided polariton propagation and cutoff in surface plasmon waveguides,” Phys. Rev. B 74, 165415 (2006).
[Crossref]

Bruyant, A.

Burda, C.

Chen, C. K.

C. K. Chen, A. R. B. de Castro, and Y. R. Shen, “Surface coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 946–949 (1979).
[Crossref]

Danckwerts, M.

M. Danckwerts and L. Novotny, “Optical frequency mixing at coupled gold nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 026104 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dantus, M.

de Castro, A. R. B.

C. K. Chen, A. R. B. de Castro, and Y. R. Shen, “Surface coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 946–949 (1979).
[Crossref]

C. K. Shen, A. R. B. de Castro, and Y. R. Shen, “Coherent second-harmonic generation by counterpropagating surface plasmons,” Opt. Lett. 4, 393–394 (1979).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dereux, A.

Devaux, E.

Dieringer, J. A.

Ditlbacher, H.

Duyne, R. P. V.

Ebbesen, T. W.

Elsaesser, T.

El-Sayed, M. A.

Emory, S. R.

S. Nie and S. R. Emory, “Probing single molecules and single nanoparticles by surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Science 275, 1102–1106 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ewald, M.

Fang, Y.

Felidj, N.

Fleischmann, M.

M. Fleischmann, P. J. Hendra, and A. J. McQuillan, “Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 26, 163–166 (1974).
[Crossref]

Francs, G. C. d.

Garciá-Vidal, F. J.

Grady, N. K.

Gunn, J. M.

Güntherodt, H.-J.

A. Bouhelier, Th. Huser, H.-J. Güntherodt, D. W. Pohl, F. I. Baida, and D. V. Labeke, “Plasmon optics of structured silver films,” Phys. Rev. B 63, 155404 (2001).
[Crossref]

Hakala, T. K.

Halas, N. J.

Hao, F.

Haran, G.

G. Haran, “Single-molecule Raman spectroscopy: a probe of surface dynamics and plasmonic fields,” Acc. Chem. Res. 8, 1135–1143 (2010).
[Crossref]

Hashimoto, M.

Hayazawa, N.

Hecht, B.

B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, L. Novotny, Y. Inouye, and D. W. Pohl, “Local excitation, scattering, and interference of surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1889–1892 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hendra, P. J.

M. Fleischmann, P. J. Hendra, and A. J. McQuillan, “Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 26, 163–166 (1974).
[Crossref]

High, S. H.

Huang, C.

Hulst, N. v.

J. Renger, R. Quidant, N. v. Hulst, and L. Novotny, “Surface-enhanced nonlinear four-wave-mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 046803 (2010).
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Huser, Th.

A. Bouhelier, Th. Huser, H.-J. Güntherodt, D. W. Pohl, F. I. Baida, and D. V. Labeke, “Plasmon optics of structured silver films,” Phys. Rev. B 63, 155404 (2001).
[Crossref]

Ichimura, T.

Ignatovich, F.

Imura, K.

Inouye, Y.

B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, L. Novotny, Y. Inouye, and D. W. Pohl, “Local excitation, scattering, and interference of surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1889–1892 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jayathilake, H. D.

Jeanmaire, D. L.

Kawata, S.

Kim, H.

Kostcheev, S.

Krenn, J.R.

Kretschmann, E.

E. Kretschmann and H. Raether, “Radiative decay of non radiative plasmons excited by light,” Z. Naturforsch. A 23, 2135–2136 (1968).

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E. Verhagen, A. Polman, and L. Kuipers, “Nanofocusing in laterally tapered plasmonic waveguides,” Opt. Express 16, 45–57 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Verhagen, L. Kuipers, and A. Polman, “Enhanced nonlinear optical effects with a tapered plasmonic waveguide,” Nano Lett. 7, 334–337 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kunttu, H.

Kuzyk, A.

Labeke, D. V.

A. Bouhelier, Th. Huser, H.-J. Güntherodt, D. W. Pohl, F. I. Baida, and D. V. Labeke, “Plasmon optics of structured silver films,” Phys. Rev. B 63, 155404 (2001).
[Crossref]

Lambrecht, B.

Lee, S. J.

Leitner, A.

Lerondel, G.

Letnes, P. A.

P. A. Letnes, I. Simonson, and D. L. Mills, “Substrate influence on the plasmonic response of clusters of spherical nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. B 83, 075426 (2011).
[Crossref]

Lettan, R. B.

Levin, C. S.

Lienau, C.

Lin, C-Yu

Y. Wang, C-Yu Lin, A. Nikolaenko, V. Raghunathan, and E. O. Potma, “Four-wave mixing microscopy of nanostructures,” Adv. Opt. Photon. 3, 1–52 (2011).
[Crossref]

Link, S.

Liu, X.

X. Liu, Y. Wang, and E. O. Potma, “Surface-mediated four-wave mixing of nanostructures with counterpropagating surface plasmon polaritons,” Opt. Lett. 36, 2348–2350 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, Y.

Lozovoy, V. V.

Martn-Moreno, L.

McQuillan, A. J.

M. Fleischmann, P. J. Hendra, and A. J. McQuillan, “Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 26, 163–166 (1974).
[Crossref]

Mills, D. L.

P. A. Letnes, I. Simonson, and D. L. Mills, “Substrate influence on the plasmonic response of clusters of spherical nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. B 83, 075426 (2011).
[Crossref]

Mohamed, M. B.

Moskovits, M.

M. Moskovits, “Surface-enhanced spectroscopy,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 783–826 (1985).
[Crossref]

Nagahara, T.

Natelson, D.

Neacsu, C. C.

Nie, S.

S. Nie and S. R. Emory, “Probing single molecules and single nanoparticles by surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Science 275, 1102–1106 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nikolaenko, A.

Y. Wang, C-Yu Lin, A. Nikolaenko, V. Raghunathan, and E. O. Potma, “Four-wave mixing microscopy of nanostructures,” Adv. Opt. Photon. 3, 1–52 (2011).
[Crossref]

Nikoobakht, B.

Nordlander, P.

Novotny, L.

J. Renger, R. Quidant, N. v. Hulst, and L. Novotny, “Surface-enhanced nonlinear four-wave-mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 046803 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Palomda and L. Novotny, “Nonlinear excitation of surface plasmon polariton by four-wave mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 056802 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. Danckwerts and L. Novotny, “Optical frequency mixing at coupled gold nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 026104 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. J. Sánchez, L. Novotny, and X. S. Xie, “Near-field fluorescence microscopy based on two-photon excitation with metal tips,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4014–4017 (1999).
[Crossref]

B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, L. Novotny, Y. Inouye, and D. W. Pohl, “Local excitation, scattering, and interference of surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1889–1892 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Okamoto, H.

Olmon, R. L.

Palomba, S.

Palomda, S.

S. Palomda and L. Novotny, “Nonlinear excitation of surface plasmon polariton by four-wave mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 056802 (2008).
[Crossref]

Penner, R. M.

Pettersson, M.

Pohl, D. W.

A. Bouhelier, Th. Huser, H.-J. Güntherodt, D. W. Pohl, F. I. Baida, and D. V. Labeke, “Plasmon optics of structured silver films,” Phys. Rev. B 63, 155404 (2001).
[Crossref]

B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, L. Novotny, Y. Inouye, and D. W. Pohl, “Local excitation, scattering, and interference of surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1889–1892 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Polman, A.

E. Verhagen, A. Polman, and L. Kuipers, “Nanofocusing in laterally tapered plasmonic waveguides,” Opt. Express 16, 45–57 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Verhagen, L. Kuipers, and A. Polman, “Enhanced nonlinear optical effects with a tapered plasmonic waveguide,” Nano Lett. 7, 334–337 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Potma, E. O.

Y. Wang, C-Yu Lin, A. Nikolaenko, V. Raghunathan, and E. O. Potma, “Four-wave mixing microscopy of nanostructures,” Adv. Opt. Photon. 3, 1–52 (2011).
[Crossref]

X. Liu, Y. Wang, and E. O. Potma, “Surface-mediated four-wave mixing of nanostructures with counterpropagating surface plasmon polaritons,” Opt. Lett. 36, 2348–2350 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Quidant, R.

J. Renger, R. Quidant, N. v. Hulst, and L. Novotny, “Surface-enhanced nonlinear four-wave-mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 046803 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Raether, H.

E. Kretschmann and H. Raether, “Radiative decay of non radiative plasmons excited by light,” Z. Naturforsch. A 23, 2135–2136 (1968).

Raghunathan, V.

Y. Wang, C-Yu Lin, A. Nikolaenko, V. Raghunathan, and E. O. Potma, “Four-wave mixing microscopy of nanostructures,” Adv. Opt. Photon. 3, 1–52 (2011).
[Crossref]

Raschke, M. B.

Renger, J.

J. Renger, R. Quidant, N. v. Hulst, and L. Novotny, “Surface-enhanced nonlinear four-wave-mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 046803 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rodrigo, S. G.

Ropers, C.

Royer, P.

Salerno, M.

Sánchez, E. J.

E. J. Sánchez, L. Novotny, and X. S. Xie, “Near-field fluorescence microscopy based on two-photon excitation with metal tips,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4014–4017 (1999).
[Crossref]

Saraf, L. V.

Scheidt, K. A.

Schider, G.

Schuller, J. A.

R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, and M. L. Brongersma, “Near-field characterization of guided polariton propagation and cutoff in surface plasmon waveguides,” Phys. Rev. B 74, 165415 (2006).
[Crossref]

Shen, C. K.

C. K. Shen, A. R. B. de Castro, and Y. R. Shen, “Coherent second-harmonic generation by counterpropagating surface plasmons,” Opt. Lett. 4, 393–394 (1979).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shen, Y. R.

G. T. Boyd, Z. H. Yu, and Y. R. Shen, “Photoinduced luminescence from the noble metals and its enhancement on roughened surfaces,” Phys. Rev. B 33, 7923–7936 (1986).
[Crossref]

C. K. Shen, A. R. B. de Castro, and Y. R. Shen, “Coherent second-harmonic generation by counterpropagating surface plasmons,” Opt. Lett. 4, 393–394 (1979).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. K. Chen, A. R. B. de Castro, and Y. R. Shen, “Surface coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 946–949 (1979).
[Crossref]

Simonson, I.

P. A. Letnes, I. Simonson, and D. L. Mills, “Substrate influence on the plasmonic response of clusters of spherical nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. B 83, 075426 (2011).
[Crossref]

Stiopkin, I. V.

Taggart, D. K.

Tikkanen, H.

Toppari, J. J.

Törmä, P.

Verhagen, E.

E. Verhagen, A. Polman, and L. Kuipers, “Nanofocusing in laterally tapered plasmonic waveguides,” Opt. Express 16, 45–57 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Verhagen, L. Kuipers, and A. Polman, “Enhanced nonlinear optical effects with a tapered plasmonic waveguide,” Nano Lett. 7, 334–337 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Volkov, V. S.

Wang, Y.

Y. Wang, C-Yu Lin, A. Nikolaenko, V. Raghunathan, and E. O. Potma, “Four-wave mixing microscopy of nanostructures,” Adv. Opt. Photon. 3, 1–52 (2011).
[Crossref]

X. Liu, Y. Wang, and E. O. Potma, “Surface-mediated four-wave mixing of nanostructures with counterpropagating surface plasmon polaritons,” Opt. Lett. 36, 2348–2350 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ward, D. R.

Weeber, J.-C.

Weeraman, C.

Wei, H.

Wiederrecht, G. P.

Wu, Y.

Xiang, C.

Xie, X. S.

E. J. Sánchez, L. Novotny, and X. S. Xie, “Near-field fluorescence microscopy based on two-photon excitation with metal tips,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4014–4017 (1999).
[Crossref]

Xu, H.

Yatawara, A. K.

Yu, Z. H.

G. T. Boyd, Z. H. Yu, and Y. R. Shen, “Photoinduced luminescence from the noble metals and its enhancement on roughened surfaces,” Phys. Rev. B 33, 7923–7936 (1986).
[Crossref]

Zia, R.

R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, and M. L. Brongersma, “Near-field characterization of guided polariton propagation and cutoff in surface plasmon waveguides,” Phys. Rev. B 74, 165415 (2006).
[Crossref]

Acc. Chem. Res (1)

G. Haran, “Single-molecule Raman spectroscopy: a probe of surface dynamics and plasmonic fields,” Acc. Chem. Res. 8, 1135–1143 (2010).
[Crossref]

Adv. Opt. Photon. (1)

Y. Wang, C-Yu Lin, A. Nikolaenko, V. Raghunathan, and E. O. Potma, “Four-wave mixing microscopy of nanostructures,” Adv. Opt. Photon. 3, 1–52 (2011).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

Chem. Phys. Lett. (1)

M. Fleischmann, P. J. Hendra, and A. J. McQuillan, “Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 26, 163–166 (1974).
[Crossref]

J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1)

J. Electroanal. Chem. (1)

J. Phys. Chem. A (1)

J. Phys. Chem. B (2)

J. Phys. Chem. C (2)

J. Raman Spectrosc. (1)

Nano Lett (1)

E. Verhagen, L. Kuipers, and A. Polman, “Enhanced nonlinear optical effects with a tapered plasmonic waveguide,” Nano Lett. 7, 334–337 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nano Lett. (8)

Opt. Express (2)

E. Verhagen, A. Polman, and L. Kuipers, “Nanofocusing in laterally tapered plasmonic waveguides,” Opt. Express 16, 45–57 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (3)

C. K. Shen, A. R. B. de Castro, and Y. R. Shen, “Coherent second-harmonic generation by counterpropagating surface plasmons,” Opt. Lett. 4, 393–394 (1979).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Liu, Y. Wang, and E. O. Potma, “Surface-mediated four-wave mixing of nanostructures with counterpropagating surface plasmon polaritons,” Opt. Lett. 36, 2348–2350 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. B (4)

G. T. Boyd, Z. H. Yu, and Y. R. Shen, “Photoinduced luminescence from the noble metals and its enhancement on roughened surfaces,” Phys. Rev. B 33, 7923–7936 (1986).
[Crossref]

A. Bouhelier, Th. Huser, H.-J. Güntherodt, D. W. Pohl, F. I. Baida, and D. V. Labeke, “Plasmon optics of structured silver films,” Phys. Rev. B 63, 155404 (2001).
[Crossref]

R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, and M. L. Brongersma, “Near-field characterization of guided polariton propagation and cutoff in surface plasmon waveguides,” Phys. Rev. B 74, 165415 (2006).
[Crossref]

P. A. Letnes, I. Simonson, and D. L. Mills, “Substrate influence on the plasmonic response of clusters of spherical nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. B 83, 075426 (2011).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (9)

J. Renger, R. Quidant, N. v. Hulst, and L. Novotny, “Surface-enhanced nonlinear four-wave-mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 046803 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. K. Chen, A. R. B. de Castro, and Y. R. Shen, “Surface coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 946–949 (1979).
[Crossref]

S. Palomda and L. Novotny, “Nonlinear excitation of surface plasmon polariton by four-wave mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 056802 (2008).
[Crossref]

B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, L. Novotny, Y. Inouye, and D. W. Pohl, “Local excitation, scattering, and interference of surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1889–1892 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Danckwerts and L. Novotny, “Optical frequency mixing at coupled gold nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 026104 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. J. Sánchez, L. Novotny, and X. S. Xie, “Near-field fluorescence microscopy based on two-photon excitation with metal tips,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4014–4017 (1999).
[Crossref]

Rev. Mod. Phys. (1)

M. Moskovits, “Surface-enhanced spectroscopy,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 783–826 (1985).
[Crossref]

Science (1)

S. Nie and S. R. Emory, “Probing single molecules and single nanoparticles by surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Science 275, 1102–1106 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Naturforsch. A (1)

E. Kretschmann and H. Raether, “Radiative decay of non radiative plasmons excited by light,” Z. Naturforsch. A 23, 2135–2136 (1968).

Other (1)

S. A. Maier, ed., Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications (Springer, 2007).

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Fig. 1 (A) Schematic of the experimental setup. (B) Geometry of beam focusing and surface plasmon excitation with an objective lens. (C) Sketch of the patterned gold film (yellow) with extensions partially covered with CdSe quantum dots (green). The overlaid image represents actual data showing the FWM signals at the laser spot and the nonlinearly excited fluorescence from the quantum dots.

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Fig. 2 (A) CCD image showing the laser spot and the leakage radiation of the propagating SPP mode excited by 730 nm p-polarized light. Note that the SPP mode propagates into the gold finger. (B) Image showing the FWM signal at the location of the laser spot, the leakage radiation from a SPP mode at 2ω ₁ = ω ₂ and the remotely-excited fluorescence from the quantum dots positioned on the gold finger. For this image, the bandpass filter in front of the CCD camera was chosen such that both the fluorescence emission and the FWM radiation was detected.

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Fig. 3 Power dependence of the nonlinearly excited fluorescence (A) and FWM (B) signals. Both the signals and the laser powers of the fundamental beams (λ ₁, λ ₂) are plotted on a logarithmic scale. (C) Fluorescence and FWM signals as a function of the time delay between the λ ₁ and λ ₂ beams. The red and blue curves show Gaussian fits to the nonlinear fluorescence and FWM cross correlations, respectively.

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Fig. 4 (A) Nonlinearly excited fluorescence and FWM signals as a function of the polarization orientation of incident laser beams. S-polarized light corresponds to 0 degrees and p-polarized light coincides with 90 degrees in this graph. (B) Fluorescence intensity of the remotely excited quantum dots as a function of incident angle of the collinearly overlapped excitation beams.

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