Abstract

CMOS integrated circuits (IC) usually requires high data bandwidth for off-chip input/output (I/O) data transport with sufficiently low power consumption in order to overcome pin-count limitation. In order to meet future requirements of photonic network interconnect, we propose an optical output device based on an optical injection-locked photonic crystal (PhC) laser to realize low-power and high-speed off-chip interconnects. This device enables ultralow-power operation and is suitable for highly integrated photonic circuits because of its strong light-matter interaction in the PhC nanocavity and ultra-compact size. High-speed operation is achieved by using the optical injection-locking (OIL) technique, which has been shown as an effective means to enhance modulation bandwidth beyond the relaxation resonance frequency limit. In this paper, we report experimental results of the OIL-PhC laser under various injection conditions and also demonstrate 40-Gb/s large-signal direct modulation with an ultralow energy consumption of 6.6 fJ/bit.

©2011 Optical Society of America

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References

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  1. D. A. B. Miller, “Device requirements for optical interconnects to silicon chips,” Proc. IEEE 97(7), 1166–1185 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  2. S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, T. Kakitsuka, K. Nozaki, T. Segawa, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, and M. Notomi, “High-speed ultracompact buried heterostructure photonic-crystal laser with 13 fJ of energy consumed per bit transmitted,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 648–654 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  3. R. S. Tucker, “Green optical communications – part I: energy limitations in transport,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 245–260 (2011).
    [Crossref]
  4. S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, C.-H. Chen, K. Nozaki, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, H. Taniyama, and M. Notomi, “20-Gbit/s directly modulated photonic crystal nanocavity laser with ultra-low power consumption,” Opt. Express 19(3), 2242–2250 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. E. K. Lau, X. Zhao, H.-K. Sung, D. Parekh, C. Chang-Hasnain, and M. C. Wu, “Strong optical injection-locked semiconductor lasers demonstrating > 100-GHz resonance frequencies and 80-GHz intrinsic bandwidths,” Opt. Express 16(9), 6609–6618 (2008).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. M. Notomi and H. Taniyama, “On-demand ultrahigh-Q cavity formation and photon pinning via dynamic waveguide tuning,” Opt. Express 16(23), 18657–18666 (2008).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. L. A. Coldren and S. W. Corzine, Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, 1st ed. (Wiley, 1995).
  8. A. Murakami, K. Kawashima, and K. Atsuki, “Cavity resonance shift and bandwidth enhancement in semiconductor lasers with strong light injection,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39(10), 1196–1204 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  9. X. Zhao and C. J. Chang-Hasnain, “A new amplifier model for resonance enhancement of optically injection-locked lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(6), 395–397 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  10. H.-K. Sung, E. K. Lau, and M. C. Wu, “Optical properties and modulation characteristics of ultra-strong injection-locked distributed feedback lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(5), 1215–1221 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  11. E. K. Lau, H.-K. Sung, and M. C. Wu, “Frequency response enhancement of optical injection-locked lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44(1), 90–99 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  12. Q. V. Tran, S. Combrié, P. Colman, and A. De Rossi, “Photonic crystal membrane waveguides with low insertion losses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(6), 061105 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  13. T. Shoji, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada, and H. Morita, “Low loss mode size converter from 0.3 µm square Si wire waveguides to singlemode fibres,” Electron. Lett. 38(25), 1669–1670 (2002).
    [Crossref]

2011 (2)

2010 (1)

S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, T. Kakitsuka, K. Nozaki, T. Segawa, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, and M. Notomi, “High-speed ultracompact buried heterostructure photonic-crystal laser with 13 fJ of energy consumed per bit transmitted,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 648–654 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (2)

D. A. B. Miller, “Device requirements for optical interconnects to silicon chips,” Proc. IEEE 97(7), 1166–1185 (2009).
[Crossref]

Q. V. Tran, S. Combrié, P. Colman, and A. De Rossi, “Photonic crystal membrane waveguides with low insertion losses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(6), 061105 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (4)

E. K. Lau, H.-K. Sung, and M. C. Wu, “Frequency response enhancement of optical injection-locked lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44(1), 90–99 (2008).
[Crossref]

X. Zhao and C. J. Chang-Hasnain, “A new amplifier model for resonance enhancement of optically injection-locked lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(6), 395–397 (2008).
[Crossref]

E. K. Lau, X. Zhao, H.-K. Sung, D. Parekh, C. Chang-Hasnain, and M. C. Wu, “Strong optical injection-locked semiconductor lasers demonstrating > 100-GHz resonance frequencies and 80-GHz intrinsic bandwidths,” Opt. Express 16(9), 6609–6618 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Notomi and H. Taniyama, “On-demand ultrahigh-Q cavity formation and photon pinning via dynamic waveguide tuning,” Opt. Express 16(23), 18657–18666 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (1)

H.-K. Sung, E. K. Lau, and M. C. Wu, “Optical properties and modulation characteristics of ultra-strong injection-locked distributed feedback lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(5), 1215–1221 (2007).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

A. Murakami, K. Kawashima, and K. Atsuki, “Cavity resonance shift and bandwidth enhancement in semiconductor lasers with strong light injection,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39(10), 1196–1204 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

T. Shoji, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada, and H. Morita, “Low loss mode size converter from 0.3 µm square Si wire waveguides to singlemode fibres,” Electron. Lett. 38(25), 1669–1670 (2002).
[Crossref]

Atsuki, K.

A. Murakami, K. Kawashima, and K. Atsuki, “Cavity resonance shift and bandwidth enhancement in semiconductor lasers with strong light injection,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39(10), 1196–1204 (2003).
[Crossref]

Chang-Hasnain, C.

Chang-Hasnain, C. J.

X. Zhao and C. J. Chang-Hasnain, “A new amplifier model for resonance enhancement of optically injection-locked lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(6), 395–397 (2008).
[Crossref]

Chen, C.-H.

Colman, P.

Q. V. Tran, S. Combrié, P. Colman, and A. De Rossi, “Photonic crystal membrane waveguides with low insertion losses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(6), 061105 (2009).
[Crossref]

Combrié, S.

Q. V. Tran, S. Combrié, P. Colman, and A. De Rossi, “Photonic crystal membrane waveguides with low insertion losses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(6), 061105 (2009).
[Crossref]

De Rossi, A.

Q. V. Tran, S. Combrié, P. Colman, and A. De Rossi, “Photonic crystal membrane waveguides with low insertion losses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(6), 061105 (2009).
[Crossref]

Kakitsuka, T.

S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, T. Kakitsuka, K. Nozaki, T. Segawa, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, and M. Notomi, “High-speed ultracompact buried heterostructure photonic-crystal laser with 13 fJ of energy consumed per bit transmitted,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 648–654 (2010).
[Crossref]

Kawaguchi, Y.

S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, C.-H. Chen, K. Nozaki, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, H. Taniyama, and M. Notomi, “20-Gbit/s directly modulated photonic crystal nanocavity laser with ultra-low power consumption,” Opt. Express 19(3), 2242–2250 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, T. Kakitsuka, K. Nozaki, T. Segawa, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, and M. Notomi, “High-speed ultracompact buried heterostructure photonic-crystal laser with 13 fJ of energy consumed per bit transmitted,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 648–654 (2010).
[Crossref]

Kawashima, K.

A. Murakami, K. Kawashima, and K. Atsuki, “Cavity resonance shift and bandwidth enhancement in semiconductor lasers with strong light injection,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39(10), 1196–1204 (2003).
[Crossref]

Lau, E. K.

E. K. Lau, H.-K. Sung, and M. C. Wu, “Frequency response enhancement of optical injection-locked lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44(1), 90–99 (2008).
[Crossref]

E. K. Lau, X. Zhao, H.-K. Sung, D. Parekh, C. Chang-Hasnain, and M. C. Wu, “Strong optical injection-locked semiconductor lasers demonstrating > 100-GHz resonance frequencies and 80-GHz intrinsic bandwidths,” Opt. Express 16(9), 6609–6618 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H.-K. Sung, E. K. Lau, and M. C. Wu, “Optical properties and modulation characteristics of ultra-strong injection-locked distributed feedback lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(5), 1215–1221 (2007).
[Crossref]

Matsuo, S.

S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, C.-H. Chen, K. Nozaki, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, H. Taniyama, and M. Notomi, “20-Gbit/s directly modulated photonic crystal nanocavity laser with ultra-low power consumption,” Opt. Express 19(3), 2242–2250 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, T. Kakitsuka, K. Nozaki, T. Segawa, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, and M. Notomi, “High-speed ultracompact buried heterostructure photonic-crystal laser with 13 fJ of energy consumed per bit transmitted,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 648–654 (2010).
[Crossref]

Miller, D. A. B.

D. A. B. Miller, “Device requirements for optical interconnects to silicon chips,” Proc. IEEE 97(7), 1166–1185 (2009).
[Crossref]

Morita, H.

T. Shoji, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada, and H. Morita, “Low loss mode size converter from 0.3 µm square Si wire waveguides to singlemode fibres,” Electron. Lett. 38(25), 1669–1670 (2002).
[Crossref]

Murakami, A.

A. Murakami, K. Kawashima, and K. Atsuki, “Cavity resonance shift and bandwidth enhancement in semiconductor lasers with strong light injection,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39(10), 1196–1204 (2003).
[Crossref]

Notomi, M.

Nozaki, K.

S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, C.-H. Chen, K. Nozaki, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, H. Taniyama, and M. Notomi, “20-Gbit/s directly modulated photonic crystal nanocavity laser with ultra-low power consumption,” Opt. Express 19(3), 2242–2250 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, T. Kakitsuka, K. Nozaki, T. Segawa, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, and M. Notomi, “High-speed ultracompact buried heterostructure photonic-crystal laser with 13 fJ of energy consumed per bit transmitted,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 648–654 (2010).
[Crossref]

Parekh, D.

Sato, T.

S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, C.-H. Chen, K. Nozaki, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, H. Taniyama, and M. Notomi, “20-Gbit/s directly modulated photonic crystal nanocavity laser with ultra-low power consumption,” Opt. Express 19(3), 2242–2250 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, T. Kakitsuka, K. Nozaki, T. Segawa, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, and M. Notomi, “High-speed ultracompact buried heterostructure photonic-crystal laser with 13 fJ of energy consumed per bit transmitted,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 648–654 (2010).
[Crossref]

Segawa, T.

S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, T. Kakitsuka, K. Nozaki, T. Segawa, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, and M. Notomi, “High-speed ultracompact buried heterostructure photonic-crystal laser with 13 fJ of energy consumed per bit transmitted,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 648–654 (2010).
[Crossref]

Shinya, A.

S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, C.-H. Chen, K. Nozaki, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, H. Taniyama, and M. Notomi, “20-Gbit/s directly modulated photonic crystal nanocavity laser with ultra-low power consumption,” Opt. Express 19(3), 2242–2250 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, T. Kakitsuka, K. Nozaki, T. Segawa, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, and M. Notomi, “High-speed ultracompact buried heterostructure photonic-crystal laser with 13 fJ of energy consumed per bit transmitted,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 648–654 (2010).
[Crossref]

Shoji, T.

T. Shoji, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada, and H. Morita, “Low loss mode size converter from 0.3 µm square Si wire waveguides to singlemode fibres,” Electron. Lett. 38(25), 1669–1670 (2002).
[Crossref]

Sung, H.-K.

E. K. Lau, H.-K. Sung, and M. C. Wu, “Frequency response enhancement of optical injection-locked lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44(1), 90–99 (2008).
[Crossref]

E. K. Lau, X. Zhao, H.-K. Sung, D. Parekh, C. Chang-Hasnain, and M. C. Wu, “Strong optical injection-locked semiconductor lasers demonstrating > 100-GHz resonance frequencies and 80-GHz intrinsic bandwidths,” Opt. Express 16(9), 6609–6618 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H.-K. Sung, E. K. Lau, and M. C. Wu, “Optical properties and modulation characteristics of ultra-strong injection-locked distributed feedback lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(5), 1215–1221 (2007).
[Crossref]

Taniyama, H.

Tran, Q. V.

Q. V. Tran, S. Combrié, P. Colman, and A. De Rossi, “Photonic crystal membrane waveguides with low insertion losses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(6), 061105 (2009).
[Crossref]

Tsuchizawa, T.

T. Shoji, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada, and H. Morita, “Low loss mode size converter from 0.3 µm square Si wire waveguides to singlemode fibres,” Electron. Lett. 38(25), 1669–1670 (2002).
[Crossref]

Tucker, R. S.

R. S. Tucker, “Green optical communications – part I: energy limitations in transport,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 245–260 (2011).
[Crossref]

Watanabe, T.

T. Shoji, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada, and H. Morita, “Low loss mode size converter from 0.3 µm square Si wire waveguides to singlemode fibres,” Electron. Lett. 38(25), 1669–1670 (2002).
[Crossref]

Wu, M. C.

E. K. Lau, H.-K. Sung, and M. C. Wu, “Frequency response enhancement of optical injection-locked lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44(1), 90–99 (2008).
[Crossref]

E. K. Lau, X. Zhao, H.-K. Sung, D. Parekh, C. Chang-Hasnain, and M. C. Wu, “Strong optical injection-locked semiconductor lasers demonstrating > 100-GHz resonance frequencies and 80-GHz intrinsic bandwidths,” Opt. Express 16(9), 6609–6618 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H.-K. Sung, E. K. Lau, and M. C. Wu, “Optical properties and modulation characteristics of ultra-strong injection-locked distributed feedback lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(5), 1215–1221 (2007).
[Crossref]

Yamada, K.

T. Shoji, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada, and H. Morita, “Low loss mode size converter from 0.3 µm square Si wire waveguides to singlemode fibres,” Electron. Lett. 38(25), 1669–1670 (2002).
[Crossref]

Zhao, X.

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

Q. V. Tran, S. Combrié, P. Colman, and A. De Rossi, “Photonic crystal membrane waveguides with low insertion losses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(6), 061105 (2009).
[Crossref]

Electron. Lett. (1)

T. Shoji, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada, and H. Morita, “Low loss mode size converter from 0.3 µm square Si wire waveguides to singlemode fibres,” Electron. Lett. 38(25), 1669–1670 (2002).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (2)

E. K. Lau, H.-K. Sung, and M. C. Wu, “Frequency response enhancement of optical injection-locked lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44(1), 90–99 (2008).
[Crossref]

A. Murakami, K. Kawashima, and K. Atsuki, “Cavity resonance shift and bandwidth enhancement in semiconductor lasers with strong light injection,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39(10), 1196–1204 (2003).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (2)

R. S. Tucker, “Green optical communications – part I: energy limitations in transport,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 245–260 (2011).
[Crossref]

H.-K. Sung, E. K. Lau, and M. C. Wu, “Optical properties and modulation characteristics of ultra-strong injection-locked distributed feedback lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(5), 1215–1221 (2007).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (1)

X. Zhao and C. J. Chang-Hasnain, “A new amplifier model for resonance enhancement of optically injection-locked lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(6), 395–397 (2008).
[Crossref]

Nat. Photonics (1)

S. Matsuo, A. Shinya, T. Kakitsuka, K. Nozaki, T. Segawa, T. Sato, Y. Kawaguchi, and M. Notomi, “High-speed ultracompact buried heterostructure photonic-crystal laser with 13 fJ of energy consumed per bit transmitted,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 648–654 (2010).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (3)

Proc. IEEE (1)

D. A. B. Miller, “Device requirements for optical interconnects to silicon chips,” Proc. IEEE 97(7), 1166–1185 (2009).
[Crossref]

Other (1)

L. A. Coldren and S. W. Corzine, Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, 1st ed. (Wiley, 1995).

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Figures (5)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Photonic NoC with a photonic plane integrated with a CMOS plane of a many-core processor. Inset shows the proposed three-terminal output device.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the top view and (b) cross-sectional view of the fabricated BH-PhC laser. (c) The FDTD mode profile of the PhC cavity calculated without output/injection waveguide. (d) Light-in-light-out curve (L-L) of the laser. A threshold is observed at 11 μW pump power.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of the apparatus used for the frequency response measurement. VOA: variable optical attenuator. BPF: optical bandpass filter. LN-Mod: lithium-niobate modulator. EDFA: erbium-doped fiber amplifier. OSA: optical spectrum analyzer.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 (a)–(c) Optical spectra and (d)–(f) frequency responses of OIL BH-PhC laser with injection conditions indicated. Black lines in all figures represent the PhC laser at free-running with a pump power of 113 μW. The injection wavelength (λinj ) and the shifted cavity modes (λcav ) are also shown in the figures.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Eye diagram for 40-Gb/s direct modulation. (a) Input signal. (b) PhC laser at free-running with pump power of 50 μW. (c) OIL-PhC laser with pump power of 50 μW and injection power of 163 μW in the PhC waveguide.

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