Abstract

A metal/phase-change material/metal tri-layer planar chiral metamaterial in the shape of a gammadion is numerically modelled. The chiral metamaterial is integrated with Ge2Sb2Te5 phase-change material (PCM) to accomplish a wide tuning range of the circular dichroism (CD) in the mid-infrared wavelength regime. A photothermal model is used to study the temporal variation of the temperature of the Ge2Sb2Te5 layer and to show the potential for fast switching the phase of Ge2Sb2Te5 under a low incident light intensity of 0.016mW/μm2.

© 2013 Optical Society of America

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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
  37. G. Chen and P. Hui, “Thermal conductivities of evaporated gold films on silicon and glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(20), 2942 (1999).
    [Crossref]

2013 (2)

2012 (6)

J. Orava, A. L. Greer, B. Gholipour, D. W. Hewak, and C. E. Smith, “Characterization of supercooled liquid Ge2Sb2Te5 and its crystallization by ultrafast-heating calorimetry,” Nat. Mater. 11(4), 279–283 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Chen, Y. Chen, M. Yan, and M. Qiu, “Nanosecond photothermal effects in plasmonic nanostructures,” ACS Nano 6(3), 2550–2557 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Zhou, D. R. Chowdhury, R. Zhao, A. K. Azad, H. T. Chen, C. M. Soukoulis, A. J. Taylor, and J. F. O’Hara, “Terahertz chiral metamaterials with giant and dynamically tunable optical activity,” Phys. Rev. B 86(3), 035448 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. Ren, E. Plum, J. Xu, and N. I. Zheludev, “Giant nonlinear optical activity in a plasmonic metamaterial,” Nat. Commun. 3, 833 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. H. Shi, Z. Zhu, H. F. Ma, W. X. Jiang, and T. J. Cui, “Tunable symmetric and asymmetric resonances in an asymmetrical split-ring metamaterial,” J. Appl. Phys. 112(7), 073522 (2012).
[Crossref]

Q. Feng, M. Pu, C. Hu, and X. Luo, “Engineering the dispersion of metamaterial surface for broadband infrared absorption,” Opt. Lett. 37(11), 2133–2135 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (4)

E. Lier, D. H. Werner, C. P. Scarborough, Q. Wu, and J. A. Bossard, “An octave-bandwidth negligible-loss radiofrequency metamaterial,” Nat. Mater. 10(3), 216–222 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Li, K. B. Alici, E. Colak, and E. Ozbay, “Complementary chiral metamaterials with giant optical activity and negative refractive index,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(16), 161907 (2011).
[Crossref]

R. Zhao, L. Zhang, J. Zhou, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Conjugated gammadion chiral metamaterial with uniaxial optical activity and negative refractive index,” Phys. Rev. B 83(3), 035105 (2011).
[Crossref]

R. E. Simpson, P. Fons, A. V. Kolobov, T. Fukaya, M. Krbal, T. Yagi, and J. Tominaga, “Interfacial phase-change memory,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 6(8), 501–505 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (5)

R. E. Simpson, M. Krbal, P. Fons, A. V. Kolobov, J. Tominaga, T. Uruga, and H. Tanida, “Toward the ultimate limit of phase change in Ge2Sb2Te5.,” Nano Lett. 10(2), 414–419 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. W. Burr, M. J. Breitwisch, M. Franceschini, D. Garetto, K. Gopalakrishnan, B. Jackson, B. Kurdi, C. Lam, L. A. Lastras, A. Padilla, B. Rajendran, S. Raoux, and R. S. Shenoy, “Phase change memory technology,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 28(2), 223–262 (2010).
[Crossref]

M. Decker, R. Zhao, C. M. Soukoulis, S. Linden, and M. Wegener, “Twisted split-ring-resonator photonic metamaterial with huge optical activity,” Opt. Lett. 35(10), 1593–1595 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. L. Sámson, K. F. MacDonald, F. De Angelis, B. Gholipour, K. Knight, C. C. Huang, E. Di Fabrizio, D. W. Hewak, and N. I. Zheludev, “Metamaterial electro-optic switch of nanoscale thickness,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(14), 143105 (2010).
[Crossref]

R. Singh, E. Plum, W. Zhang, and N. I. Zheludev, “Highly tunable optical activity in planar achiral terahertz metamaterials,” Opt. Express 18(13), 13425–13430 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (6)

J. Zhou, J. Dong, B. Wang, T. Koschny, M. Kafesaki, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Negative refractive index due to chirality,” Phys. Rev. B 79(12), 121104 (2009).
[Crossref]

B. Wang, J. Zhou, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Nonplanar chiral metamaterials with negative index,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(15), 151112 (2009).
[Crossref]

B. Wang, J. Zhou, T. Koschny, M. Kafesaki, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Chiral metamaterials: simulations and experiments,” J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt. 11(11), 114003 (2009).
[Crossref]

S. Zhang, Y. S. Park, J. Li, X. Lu, W. Zhang, and X. Zhang, “Negative refractive index in chiral metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 102(2), 023901 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Decker, M. Ruther, C. E. Kriegler, J. Zhou, C. M. Soukoulis, S. Linden, and M. Wegener, “Strong optical activity from twisted-cross photonic metamaterials,” Opt. Lett. 34(16), 2501–2503 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Plum, J. Zhou, J. Dong, V. A. Fedotov, T. Koschny, C. M. Soukoulis, and N. I. Zheludev, “Metamaterial with negative index due to chirality,” Phys. Rev. B 79(3), 035407 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (2)

D. H. Kwon, P. L. Werner, and D. H. Werner, “Optical planar chiral metamaterial designs for strong circular dichroism and polarization rotation,” Opt. Express 16(16), 11802–11807 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Shportko, S. Kremers, M. Woda, D. Lencer, J. Robertson, and M. Wuttig, “Resonant bonding in crystalline phase-change materials,” Nat. Mater. 7(8), 653–658 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (3)

B. Bai, Y. Svirko, J. Turunen, and T. Vallius, “Optical activity in planar chiral metamaterials: Theoretical study,” Phys. Rev. A 76(2), 023811 (2007).
[Crossref]

M. Kuwahara, O. Suzuki, Y. Yamakawa, N. Taketoshi, T. Yagi, P. Fons, T. Fukaya, J. Tominaga, and T. Baba, “Measurement of the thermal conductivity of nanometer scale thin films by thermoreflectance phenomenon,” Microelectron. Eng. 84(5–8), 1792–1796 (2007).
[Crossref]

M. Decker, M. W. Klein, M. Wegener, and S. Linden, “Circular dichroism of planar chiral magnetic metamaterials,” Opt. Lett. 32(7), 856–858 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (3)

S. Meister, H. L. Peng, K. McIlwrath, K. Jarausch, X. F. Zhang, and Y. Cui, “Synthesis and characterization of phase-change nanowires,” Nano Lett. 6(7), 1514–1517 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. B. Pendry, D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith, “Controlling electromagnetic fields,” Science 312(5781), 1780–1782 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Schurig, J. J. Mock, B. J. Justice, S. A. Cummer, J. B. Pendry, A. F. Starr, and D. R. Smith, “Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies,” Science 314(5801), 977–980 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (2)

J. B. Pendry, “A chiral route to negative refraction,” Science 306(5700), 1353–1355 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Hudgens and B. Johnson, “Overview of phase-change chalcogenide nonvolatile memory technology,” MRS Bull. 29(11), 829–832 (2004).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

G. Chen and P. Hui, “Thermal conductivities of evaporated gold films on silicon and glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(20), 2942 (1999).
[Crossref]

1990 (1)

1972 (1)

P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, “Optical constants of the noble metals,” Phys. Rev. B 6(12), 4370–4379 (1972).
[Crossref]

Alici, K. B.

Z. Li, K. B. Alici, E. Colak, and E. Ozbay, “Complementary chiral metamaterials with giant optical activity and negative refractive index,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(16), 161907 (2011).
[Crossref]

Azad, A. K.

J. Zhou, D. R. Chowdhury, R. Zhao, A. K. Azad, H. T. Chen, C. M. Soukoulis, A. J. Taylor, and J. F. O’Hara, “Terahertz chiral metamaterials with giant and dynamically tunable optical activity,” Phys. Rev. B 86(3), 035448 (2012).
[Crossref]

Baba, T.

M. Kuwahara, O. Suzuki, Y. Yamakawa, N. Taketoshi, T. Yagi, P. Fons, T. Fukaya, J. Tominaga, and T. Baba, “Measurement of the thermal conductivity of nanometer scale thin films by thermoreflectance phenomenon,” Microelectron. Eng. 84(5–8), 1792–1796 (2007).
[Crossref]

Bai, B.

B. Bai, Y. Svirko, J. Turunen, and T. Vallius, “Optical activity in planar chiral metamaterials: Theoretical study,” Phys. Rev. A 76(2), 023811 (2007).
[Crossref]

Bossard, J. A.

E. Lier, D. H. Werner, C. P. Scarborough, Q. Wu, and J. A. Bossard, “An octave-bandwidth negligible-loss radiofrequency metamaterial,” Nat. Mater. 10(3), 216–222 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Breitwisch, M. J.

G. W. Burr, M. J. Breitwisch, M. Franceschini, D. Garetto, K. Gopalakrishnan, B. Jackson, B. Kurdi, C. Lam, L. A. Lastras, A. Padilla, B. Rajendran, S. Raoux, and R. S. Shenoy, “Phase change memory technology,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 28(2), 223–262 (2010).
[Crossref]

Burr, G. W.

G. W. Burr, M. J. Breitwisch, M. Franceschini, D. Garetto, K. Gopalakrishnan, B. Jackson, B. Kurdi, C. Lam, L. A. Lastras, A. Padilla, B. Rajendran, S. Raoux, and R. S. Shenoy, “Phase change memory technology,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 28(2), 223–262 (2010).
[Crossref]

Cao, T.

Chen, G.

G. Chen and P. Hui, “Thermal conductivities of evaporated gold films on silicon and glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(20), 2942 (1999).
[Crossref]

Chen, H. T.

J. Zhou, D. R. Chowdhury, R. Zhao, A. K. Azad, H. T. Chen, C. M. Soukoulis, A. J. Taylor, and J. F. O’Hara, “Terahertz chiral metamaterials with giant and dynamically tunable optical activity,” Phys. Rev. B 86(3), 035448 (2012).
[Crossref]

Chen, X.

X. Chen, Y. Chen, M. Yan, and M. Qiu, “Nanosecond photothermal effects in plasmonic nanostructures,” ACS Nano 6(3), 2550–2557 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, Y.

X. Chen, Y. Chen, M. Yan, and M. Qiu, “Nanosecond photothermal effects in plasmonic nanostructures,” ACS Nano 6(3), 2550–2557 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chowdhury, D. R.

J. Zhou, D. R. Chowdhury, R. Zhao, A. K. Azad, H. T. Chen, C. M. Soukoulis, A. J. Taylor, and J. F. O’Hara, “Terahertz chiral metamaterials with giant and dynamically tunable optical activity,” Phys. Rev. B 86(3), 035448 (2012).
[Crossref]

Christy, R. W.

P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, “Optical constants of the noble metals,” Phys. Rev. B 6(12), 4370–4379 (1972).
[Crossref]

Colak, E.

Z. Li, K. B. Alici, E. Colak, and E. Ozbay, “Complementary chiral metamaterials with giant optical activity and negative refractive index,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(16), 161907 (2011).
[Crossref]

Cryan, M. J.

Cui, T. J.

J. H. Shi, Z. Zhu, H. F. Ma, W. X. Jiang, and T. J. Cui, “Tunable symmetric and asymmetric resonances in an asymmetrical split-ring metamaterial,” J. Appl. Phys. 112(7), 073522 (2012).
[Crossref]

Cui, Y.

S. Meister, H. L. Peng, K. McIlwrath, K. Jarausch, X. F. Zhang, and Y. Cui, “Synthesis and characterization of phase-change nanowires,” Nano Lett. 6(7), 1514–1517 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cummer, S. A.

D. Schurig, J. J. Mock, B. J. Justice, S. A. Cummer, J. B. Pendry, A. F. Starr, and D. R. Smith, “Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies,” Science 314(5801), 977–980 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

De Angelis, F.

Z. L. Sámson, K. F. MacDonald, F. De Angelis, B. Gholipour, K. Knight, C. C. Huang, E. Di Fabrizio, D. W. Hewak, and N. I. Zheludev, “Metamaterial electro-optic switch of nanoscale thickness,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(14), 143105 (2010).
[Crossref]

Decker, M.

Di Fabrizio, E.

Z. L. Sámson, K. F. MacDonald, F. De Angelis, B. Gholipour, K. Knight, C. C. Huang, E. Di Fabrizio, D. W. Hewak, and N. I. Zheludev, “Metamaterial electro-optic switch of nanoscale thickness,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(14), 143105 (2010).
[Crossref]

Dong, J.

E. Plum, J. Zhou, J. Dong, V. A. Fedotov, T. Koschny, C. M. Soukoulis, and N. I. Zheludev, “Metamaterial with negative index due to chirality,” Phys. Rev. B 79(3), 035407 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. Zhou, J. Dong, B. Wang, T. Koschny, M. Kafesaki, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Negative refractive index due to chirality,” Phys. Rev. B 79(12), 121104 (2009).
[Crossref]

Fedotov, V. A.

E. Plum, J. Zhou, J. Dong, V. A. Fedotov, T. Koschny, C. M. Soukoulis, and N. I. Zheludev, “Metamaterial with negative index due to chirality,” Phys. Rev. B 79(3), 035407 (2009).
[Crossref]

Feng, Q.

Fons, P.

R. E. Simpson, P. Fons, A. V. Kolobov, T. Fukaya, M. Krbal, T. Yagi, and J. Tominaga, “Interfacial phase-change memory,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 6(8), 501–505 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. E. Simpson, M. Krbal, P. Fons, A. V. Kolobov, J. Tominaga, T. Uruga, and H. Tanida, “Toward the ultimate limit of phase change in Ge2Sb2Te5.,” Nano Lett. 10(2), 414–419 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Kuwahara, O. Suzuki, Y. Yamakawa, N. Taketoshi, T. Yagi, P. Fons, T. Fukaya, J. Tominaga, and T. Baba, “Measurement of the thermal conductivity of nanometer scale thin films by thermoreflectance phenomenon,” Microelectron. Eng. 84(5–8), 1792–1796 (2007).
[Crossref]

Franceschini, M.

G. W. Burr, M. J. Breitwisch, M. Franceschini, D. Garetto, K. Gopalakrishnan, B. Jackson, B. Kurdi, C. Lam, L. A. Lastras, A. Padilla, B. Rajendran, S. Raoux, and R. S. Shenoy, “Phase change memory technology,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 28(2), 223–262 (2010).
[Crossref]

Fukaya, T.

R. E. Simpson, P. Fons, A. V. Kolobov, T. Fukaya, M. Krbal, T. Yagi, and J. Tominaga, “Interfacial phase-change memory,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 6(8), 501–505 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Kuwahara, O. Suzuki, Y. Yamakawa, N. Taketoshi, T. Yagi, P. Fons, T. Fukaya, J. Tominaga, and T. Baba, “Measurement of the thermal conductivity of nanometer scale thin films by thermoreflectance phenomenon,” Microelectron. Eng. 84(5–8), 1792–1796 (2007).
[Crossref]

Garetto, D.

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J. B. Pendry, D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith, “Controlling electromagnetic fields,” Science 312(5781), 1780–1782 (2006).
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D. Schurig, J. J. Mock, B. J. Justice, S. A. Cummer, J. B. Pendry, A. F. Starr, and D. R. Smith, “Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies,” Science 314(5801), 977–980 (2006).
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J. Zhou, D. R. Chowdhury, R. Zhao, A. K. Azad, H. T. Chen, C. M. Soukoulis, A. J. Taylor, and J. F. O’Hara, “Terahertz chiral metamaterials with giant and dynamically tunable optical activity,” Phys. Rev. B 86(3), 035448 (2012).
[Crossref]

R. Zhao, L. Zhang, J. Zhou, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Conjugated gammadion chiral metamaterial with uniaxial optical activity and negative refractive index,” Phys. Rev. B 83(3), 035105 (2011).
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J. Zhou, J. Dong, B. Wang, T. Koschny, M. Kafesaki, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Negative refractive index due to chirality,” Phys. Rev. B 79(12), 121104 (2009).
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D. Schurig, J. J. Mock, B. J. Justice, S. A. Cummer, J. B. Pendry, A. F. Starr, and D. R. Smith, “Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies,” Science 314(5801), 977–980 (2006).
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[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Figures (9)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 (a) Schematic of the gammadion metamaterial and the incident light polarization. The thicknesses of Au film, Ge2Sb2Te5 spacer and Au film are 48nm, 24nm and 48nm respectively. The lattice constant in both x and y-directions is L = 506nm and the dimensions are l = 322nm, w = 92nm, s = 23nm, r = 92nm. The whole structure resides on BK7 silica glass with 200μm thickness. β is a cross section plane along the edge of the arm. (b) Top view of the gammadion metamaterial.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Dielectric constant (a) ε1(ω) vs wavelength, (b) ε2(ω) vs wavelength for both amorphous and crystalline phases of Ge2Sb2Te5 [33].

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 3D-FDTD simulation of (a) transmission coefficient, (b) absorptance, (c) transmission phase of gammadion metamaterials for both RCP and LCP normal incidence; (d) circular dichorim with t1 = t3 = 48nm if t2 is varied between 12nm and 36 nm in the amorphous state of Ge2Sb2Te5.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 3D-FDTD simulation results of (a) ellipticity τ (b) the polarization rotation angle θ, (c) the real part of chirality κ in amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 A map of the normalized total magnetic field intensity distribution H (colour bar) and displacement current JD (arrows) along β plane at 2180nm resonance wavelength:(a)in amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5,(b) in crystalline Ge2Sb2Te5.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 3D- FEM simulation of heat power irradiating on a gammadion metamaterial located at the beam center, where the solid red line presents the heat power irradiating on the structures for LCP incident light, the solid blue line presents the heat power irradiating on the structures for RCP incident light, the dash red line is the temperature of the amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 layer during one pulse for LCP incident light, the dash blue is the temperature of amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 layer during one pulse for RCP incident light.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 The temperature distribution of the unit cell of a gammadion metamaterial along a plane β at 5ns, where the color image indicates the temperature distribution and the arrows indicate the heat flux for (a) LCP incident light (b) RCP incident light.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 The comparison of (a) the ellipticity τ, (b) the polarization rotation angle θ, (c) the real part of κ between amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 and crystalline Ge2Sb2Te5.

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Fig. 9
Fig. 9 A map of the normalized total magnetic field intensity distribution H (colour bar) and displacement current (JD) (arrows) along β plane (a) at 2180nm resonance wavelength for amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5, (b) at 3460nm resonance wavelength for crystalline Ge2Sb2Te5.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1 Material thermal properties used in the Heat transfer model

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Equations (9)

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F l (r)= 2 P 0 π w 1 2 f r exp(- 2 r 2 w 1 2 )
C D = | A R - A L | = | | T R | 2 - | T L | 2 |
τ= 1 2 tan −1 ( | T L | 2 − | T R | 2 | T L | 2 + | T R | 2 )
θ= 1 2 [arg( T L )−arg( T R )]
Re(κ)= arg( T L )−arg( T R )+2mπ 2 k 0 d
Im(κ)= ln| T L |−ln| T R | 2 k 0 d
H= | H x | 2 + | H y | 2 + | H z | 2
E t h ( r ) = R a × L 2 × F l ( r )
Q s ( r , t ) = E t h ( r ) 1 π τ exp ( − ( t − t 0 ) 2 τ 2 )

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