Adaptive adjustment of reference constellation for demodulating 16QAM signal with intrinsic distortion due to imperfect modulation

Takashi Inoue; Shu Namiki

doi:10.1364/OE.21.029120

Adaptive adjustment of reference constellation for demodulating 16QAM signal with intrinsic distortion due to imperfect modulation

Takashi Inoue and Shu Namiki

Optics Express
Vol. 21,
Issue 24,
pp. 29120-29128
(2013)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.029120

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Takashi Inoue and Shu Namiki, "Adaptive adjustment of reference constellation for demodulating 16QAM signal with intrinsic distortion due to imperfect modulation," Opt. Express 21, 29120-29128 (2013)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Coherent communications (060.1660)
- Optical communications (060.4510)
- All-optical networks (060.1155)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: July 22, 2013
- Revised Manuscript: October 20, 2013
- Manuscript Accepted: October 20, 2013
- Published: November 18, 2013

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

We find that an adaptive equalizer and a phase-locked loop operating with decision-directed mode exhibit degraded performances when they are used in a digital coherent receiver to demodulate a 16QAM signal with intrinsically distorted constellation, and that the degradation is more significant for the dual-polarization case. We then propose a scheme to correctly demodulate such a distorted 16QAM signal, where the reference constellation and the threshold for the decision are adaptively adjusted such that they fit to the distorted ones. We experimentally confirm the improved performance of the proposed scheme over the conventional one for single-and dual-polarization 16QAM signals with distortion. We also investigate the applicable range of the proposed scheme for the degree of distortion of the signal.

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References

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|
Year
|
Author
|
Publication

S. J. Savory, G. Gavioli, R. I. Killey, and P. Bayvel, “Electronic compensation of chromatic dispersion using a digital coherent receiver,” Opt. Express 15, 2120–2126 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Han and G. Li, “Coherent optical communication using polarization multiple-input-multiple-output,” Opt. Express 13, 7527–7534 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
T. Pfau, S. Hoffmann, and R. Noé, “Hardware-efficient coherent digital receiver concept with feedforward carrier recovery for M-QAM constellations,” J. Lightw. Technol. 27, 989–999 (2009).
[Crossref]
T. Kobayashi, A. Sano, H. Masuda, K. Ishihara, E. Yoshida, Y. Miyamoto, H. Yamazaki, and T. Yamada, “160-Gb/s Polarization-multiplexed 16-QAM long-haul transmission over 3,123 km using digital coherent receiver with digital PLL based frequency offset compensator,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper OTuD1.
[Crossref]
P. J. Winzer, A. H. Gnauck, C. R. Doerr, M. Magarini, and L. L. Buhl, “Spectrally efficient long-haul optical networking using 112-Gb/s polarization-multiplexed 16-QAM,” J. Lightw. Technol. 28, 547–556 (2010).
[Crossref]
F. Kish, R. Nagarajan, M. Kato, P. Evans, S. Corzine, M. Ziari, A. Nilsson, J. Rahn, D. Lambert, A. Dentai, V. Lal, M. Fisher, M. Kuntz, A. James, R. Malendevich, G. Goldfarb, H.-S. Tsai, P. Samra, H. Sun, J. Stewart, T. Butrie, J. McNicol, K.-T. Wu, M. Reffle, and D. Welch, “Coherent large-scale InP photonic integrated circuits,” in European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (ECOC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2011), paper Mo.2.LeSaleve.5.
[Crossref]
P. Dong, X. Liu, C. Sethumadhavan, L. L. Buhl, R. Aroca, Y. Baeyens, and Y. Chen, “224-Gb/s PDM-16-QAM modulator and receiver based on silicon photonic integrated circuits,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (Optical Society of America, 2013), paper PDP5C.6.
D. Korn, P. C. Schindler, C. Stamatiadis, M. F. O’Keefe, L. Stampoulidis, R. M. Schmogrow, P. Zakynthinos, R. Palmer, N. Cameron, Y. Zhou, R. G. Walker, E. Kehayas, I. Tomkos, L. Zimmermann, K. Petermann, W. Freude, C. Koos, and J. Leuthold, “First monolithic GaAs IQ electro-optic modulator, demonstrated at 150 Gbit/s with 64-QAM,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (Optical Society of America, 2013), paper PDP5C.4.
T. Kawanishi, T. Sakamoto, A. Chiba, and M. Izutsu, “Study of precise optical modulation using Mach-Zehnder interferometers for advanced modulation formats,” in European Conference and Exhibition of Optical Communication (ECOC), paper 6.2.3 (2007).
S. Namiki, T. Kurosu, K. Tanizawa, J. Kurumida, T. Hasama, H. Ishikawa, T. Nakatogawa, M. Nakamura, and K. Oyamada, “Ultrahigh-definition video transmission and extremely green optical networks for future,” J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17, 446–457 (2011).
[Crossref]
Y. R. Shayan and T. Le-Ngoc, “All digital phase-locked loop: concepts, design and applications,” IEE Proc. 136F, 53–56 (1989).
J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi, Digital Communications, 5th ed. (McGraw-Hill, 2008).
R. Schmogrow, B. Nebendahl, M. Winter, A. Josten, D. Hillerkuss, S. Koenig, J. Meyer, M. Dreschmann, M. Huebner, C. Koos, J. Becker, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “Error vector magnitude as a performance measure for advanced modulation formats.” Photon. Technol. Lett. 24, 61–63 (2012).
[Crossref]
S. J. Savory, “Digital coherent optical receivers: algorithms and subsystems,” J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 16, 1164–1179 (2010).
[Crossref]
S. Makovejs, D. S. Millar, D. Lavery, C. Behrens, R. I. Killey, S. J. Savory, and P. Bayvel, “Characterization of long-haul 112Gbit/s PDMQAM-16 transmission with and without digital nonlinearity compensation,” Opt. Express 18, 12939–12947 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (1)

R. Schmogrow, B. Nebendahl, M. Winter, A. Josten, D. Hillerkuss, S. Koenig, J. Meyer, M. Dreschmann, M. Huebner, C. Koos, J. Becker, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “Error vector magnitude as a performance measure for advanced modulation formats.” Photon. Technol. Lett. 24, 61–63 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

S. Namiki, T. Kurosu, K. Tanizawa, J. Kurumida, T. Hasama, H. Ishikawa, T. Nakatogawa, M. Nakamura, and K. Oyamada, “Ultrahigh-definition video transmission and extremely green optical networks for future,” J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17, 446–457 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (3)

P. J. Winzer, A. H. Gnauck, C. R. Doerr, M. Magarini, and L. L. Buhl, “Spectrally efficient long-haul optical networking using 112-Gb/s polarization-multiplexed 16-QAM,” J. Lightw. Technol. 28, 547–556 (2010).
[Crossref]

S. J. Savory, “Digital coherent optical receivers: algorithms and subsystems,” J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 16, 1164–1179 (2010).
[Crossref]

S. Makovejs, D. S. Millar, D. Lavery, C. Behrens, R. I. Killey, S. J. Savory, and P. Bayvel, “Characterization of long-haul 112Gbit/s PDMQAM-16 transmission with and without digital nonlinearity compensation,” Opt. Express 18, 12939–12947 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (1)

T. Pfau, S. Hoffmann, and R. Noé, “Hardware-efficient coherent digital receiver concept with feedforward carrier recovery for M-QAM constellations,” J. Lightw. Technol. 27, 989–999 (2009).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

S. J. Savory, G. Gavioli, R. I. Killey, and P. Bayvel, “Electronic compensation of chromatic dispersion using a digital coherent receiver,” Opt. Express 15, 2120–2126 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (1)

Y. Han and G. Li, “Coherent optical communication using polarization multiple-input-multiple-output,” Opt. Express 13, 7527–7534 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1989 (1)

Y. R. Shayan and T. Le-Ngoc, “All digital phase-locked loop: concepts, design and applications,” IEE Proc. 136F, 53–56 (1989).

Aroca, R.

P. Dong, X. Liu, C. Sethumadhavan, L. L. Buhl, R. Aroca, Y. Baeyens, and Y. Chen, “224-Gb/s PDM-16-QAM modulator and receiver based on silicon photonic integrated circuits,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (Optical Society of America, 2013), paper PDP5C.6.

Baeyens, Y.

Bayvel, P.

Becker, J.

Behrens, C.

Buhl, L. L.

Butrie, T.

F. Kish, R. Nagarajan, M. Kato, P. Evans, S. Corzine, M. Ziari, A. Nilsson, J. Rahn, D. Lambert, A. Dentai, V. Lal, M. Fisher, M. Kuntz, A. James, R. Malendevich, G. Goldfarb, H.-S. Tsai, P. Samra, H. Sun, J. Stewart, T. Butrie, J. McNicol, K.-T. Wu, M. Reffle, and D. Welch, “Coherent large-scale InP photonic integrated circuits,” in European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (ECOC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2011), paper Mo.2.LeSaleve.5.
[Crossref]

Cameron, N.

D. Korn, P. C. Schindler, C. Stamatiadis, M. F. O’Keefe, L. Stampoulidis, R. M. Schmogrow, P. Zakynthinos, R. Palmer, N. Cameron, Y. Zhou, R. G. Walker, E. Kehayas, I. Tomkos, L. Zimmermann, K. Petermann, W. Freude, C. Koos, and J. Leuthold, “First monolithic GaAs IQ electro-optic modulator, demonstrated at 150 Gbit/s with 64-QAM,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (Optical Society of America, 2013), paper PDP5C.4.

Chen, Y.

Chiba, A.

T. Kawanishi, T. Sakamoto, A. Chiba, and M. Izutsu, “Study of precise optical modulation using Mach-Zehnder interferometers for advanced modulation formats,” in European Conference and Exhibition of Optical Communication (ECOC), paper 6.2.3 (2007).

Corzine, S.

Dentai, A.

Doerr, C. R.

Dong, P.

Dreschmann, M.

Evans, P.

Fisher, M.

Freude, W.

Gavioli, G.

Gnauck, A. H.

Goldfarb, G.

Han, Y.

Y. Han and G. Li, “Coherent optical communication using polarization multiple-input-multiple-output,” Opt. Express 13, 7527–7534 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hasama, T.

Hillerkuss, D.

Hoffmann, S.

Huebner, M.

Ishihara, K.

T. Kobayashi, A. Sano, H. Masuda, K. Ishihara, E. Yoshida, Y. Miyamoto, H. Yamazaki, and T. Yamada, “160-Gb/s Polarization-multiplexed 16-QAM long-haul transmission over 3,123 km using digital coherent receiver with digital PLL based frequency offset compensator,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper OTuD1.
[Crossref]

Ishikawa, H.

Izutsu, M.

James, A.

Josten, A.

Kato, M.

Kawanishi, T.

Kehayas, E.

Killey, R. I.

Kish, F.

Kobayashi, T.

Koenig, S.

Koos, C.

Korn, D.

Kuntz, M.

Kurosu, T.

Kurumida, J.

Lal, V.

Lambert, D.

Lavery, D.

Le-Ngoc, T.

Y. R. Shayan and T. Le-Ngoc, “All digital phase-locked loop: concepts, design and applications,” IEE Proc. 136F, 53–56 (1989).

Leuthold, J.

Li, G.

Y. Han and G. Li, “Coherent optical communication using polarization multiple-input-multiple-output,” Opt. Express 13, 7527–7534 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, X.

Magarini, M.

Makovejs, S.

Malendevich, R.

Masuda, H.

McNicol, J.

Meyer, J.

Millar, D. S.

Miyamoto, Y.

Nagarajan, R.

Nakamura, M.

Nakatogawa, T.

Namiki, S.

Nebendahl, B.

Nilsson, A.

Noé, R.

O’Keefe, M. F.

Oyamada, K.

Palmer, R.

Petermann, K.

Pfau, T.

Proakis, J. G.

J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi, Digital Communications, 5th ed. (McGraw-Hill, 2008).

Rahn, J.

Reffle, M.

Sakamoto, T.

Salehi, M.

J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi, Digital Communications, 5th ed. (McGraw-Hill, 2008).

Samra, P.

Sano, A.

Savory, S. J.

S. J. Savory, “Digital coherent optical receivers: algorithms and subsystems,” J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 16, 1164–1179 (2010).
[Crossref]

Schindler, P. C.

Schmogrow, R.

Schmogrow, R. M.

Sethumadhavan, C.

Shayan, Y. R.

Y. R. Shayan and T. Le-Ngoc, “All digital phase-locked loop: concepts, design and applications,” IEE Proc. 136F, 53–56 (1989).

Stamatiadis, C.

Stampoulidis, L.

Stewart, J.

Sun, H.

Tanizawa, K.

Tomkos, I.

Tsai, H.-S.

Walker, R. G.

Welch, D.

Winter, M.

Winzer, P. J.

Wu, K.-T.

Yamada, T.

Yamazaki, H.

Yoshida, E.

Zakynthinos, P.

Zhou, Y.

Ziari, M.

Zimmermann, L.

IEE Proc. (1)

Y. R. Shayan and T. Le-Ngoc, “All digital phase-locked loop: concepts, design and applications,” IEE Proc. 136F, 53–56 (1989).

J. Lightw. Technol. (2)

J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (2)

S. J. Savory, “Digital coherent optical receivers: algorithms and subsystems,” J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 16, 1164–1179 (2010).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (3)

Y. Han and G. Li, “Coherent optical communication using polarization multiple-input-multiple-output,” Opt. Express 13, 7527–7534 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Photon. Technol. Lett. (1)

Other (6)

J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi, Digital Communications, 5th ed. (McGraw-Hill, 2008).

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Fig. 1 (a) Experimental setup, (b) AEQ combined with PLL.

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Fig. 2 Measured BER (a) and EVM (b) for SP- and DP-16QAM signals with ideal and distorted constellations, demodulated by the conventional scheme. Constellations of the ideal SP-16QAM (c) and distorted SP-16QAM (d) with OSNR of 30 dB, and distorted DP-16QAM (e) with OSNR of 33 dB. Dotted lines in (c)–(e) represent the decision threshold.

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Fig. 3 (a) Constellation diagrams for ideal (crosses) and distorted (points) 16QAM signals. (b) Schematic of adaptive adjustment process for a point in the reference constellation.

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Fig. 4 Measured BER (a) and EVM (b) for SP- and DP-16QAM signals with ideal and distorted constellations, demodulated by the proposed scheme. Constellations of the ideal SP-16QAM (c) and distorted SP-16QAM (d) at OSNR with 30 dB, and distorted DP-16QAM (e) with OSNR of 33 dB. Dotted lines in (c)–(e) represent the decision threshold.

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Fig. 5 Measured EVM of DP-16QAM signals with different degree of distortion, demodulated with (a) and without (b) the proposed scheme.

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Fig. 6 (a) Reference constellations of a distorted 16QAM signal (open circles) and their average position (closed) for each quadrant. (b) Relationship between R_IQ obtained from the reference constellations and the voltage setting of AWG for the quadrature component.

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Equations (7)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

E V M_{rms} = {[\frac{\frac{1}{N} \sum_{n = 1}^{N} {‖ r (x_{n}) - x_{n} ‖}^{2}}{\frac{1}{M} \sum_{m = 1}^{M} {‖ r_{m} ‖}^{2}}]}^{1 / 2},

r_{n + 1} = r_{n} + μ (x_{n} - r_{n}),

J = E [{‖ r - x_{n} ‖}^{2}]

r_{n + 1} = r_{n} - μ \frac{1}{2} \frac{\partial J_{n}}{\partial r_{n}},

θ_{I Q} = {cos}^{- 1} \frac{\vec{P_{1} P_{2}} \cdot \vec{P_{1} P_{4}}}{| \vec{P_{1} P_{2}} | | \vec{P_{1} P_{4}} |},

R_{I Q} = \frac{| \vec{P_{1} P_{4}} |}{| \vec{P_{1} P_{2}} |} .

r_{n + 1} = r_{n} + μ \sum_{k = 1}^{P} (x_{n}^{(k)} - r_{n}),