Telecom to mid-infrared spanning supercontinuum generation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon waveguides using a Thulium doped fiber laser pump source

Utsav D. Dave; Sarah Uvin; Bart Kuyken; Shankar Selvaraja; Francois Leo; Gunther Roelkens

doi:10.1364/OE.21.032032

Telecom to mid-infrared spanning supercontinuum generation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon waveguides using a Thulium doped fiber laser pump source

Utsav D. Dave, Sarah Uvin, Bart Kuyken, Shankar Selvaraja, Francois Leo, and Gunther Roelkens

Optics Express
Vol. 21,
Issue 26,
pp. 32032-32039
(2013)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.032032

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Utsav D. Dave, Sarah Uvin, Bart Kuyken, Shankar Selvaraja, Francois Leo, and Gunther Roelkens, "Telecom to mid-infrared spanning supercontinuum generation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon waveguides using a Thulium doped fiber laser pump source," Opt. Express 21, 32032-32039 (2013)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Ultrafast Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Integrated optics materials (130.3130)
- Nonlinear optics (190.0190)
- Supercontinuum generation (320.6629)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: October 16, 2013
- Revised Manuscript: December 10, 2013
- Manuscript Accepted: December 11, 2013
- Published: December 17, 2013

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Open Access

Abstract

A 1000 nm wide supercontinuum, spanning from 1470 nm in the telecom band to 2470 nm in the mid-infrared is demonstrated in a 800 nm x 220 nm 1 cm long hydrogenated amorphous silicon strip waveguide. The pump source was a picosecond Thulium doped fiber laser centered at 1950 nm. The real part of the nonlinear parameter of this waveguide at 1950 nm is measured to be 100 ± 10 W⁻¹m⁻¹, while the imaginary part of the nonlinear parameter is measured to be 1.2 ± 0.2 W⁻¹m⁻¹. The supercontinuum is stable over a period of at least several hours, as the hydrogenated amorphous silicon waveguides do not degrade when exposed to the high power picosecond pulse train.

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References

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|
Year
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Author
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2008 (2)

C. F. Kaminski, R. S. Watt, A. D. Elder, J. H. Frank, and J. Hult, “Supercontinuum radiation for applications in chemical sensing and microscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 92(3), 367–378 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. R. E. Lamont, B. Luther-Davies, D. Y. Choi, S. Madden, and B. J. Eggleton, “Supercontinuum generation in dispersion engineered highly nonlinear (γ = 10 /W/m) As2S3 chalcogenide planar waveguide,” Opt. Express 16(19), 14938–14944 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (2)

L. Yin and G. P. Agrawal, “Impact of two-photon absorption on self-phase modulation in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 32(14), 2031–2033 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Ikeda, Y. M. Shen, and Y. Fainman, “Enhanced optical nonlinearity in amorphous silicon and its application to waveguide devices,” Opt. Express 15(26), 17761–17771 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (2)

T. Nakasyotani, H. Toda, T. Kuri, and K. Kitayama, “Wavelength-division-multiplexed millimeter-waveband radio-on-fiber system using a supercontinuum light source,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24(1), 404–410 (2006).
[Crossref]

J. M. Dudley, G. Genty, and S. Coen, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 78(4), 1135–1184 (2006).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

S. T. Sanders, “Wavelength-agile fiber laser using group-velocity dispersion of pulsed super-continua and application to broadband absorption spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 75(6-7), 799–802 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

I. Hartl, X. D. Li, C. Chudoba, R. K. Ghanta, T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, J. K. Ranka, and R. S. Windeler, “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography using continuum generation in an air-silica microstructure optical fiber,” Opt. Lett. 26(9), 608–610 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1996 (1)

T. Morioka, H. Takara, S. Kawanishi, O. Kamatani, K. Takiguchi, K. Uchiyama, M. Saruwatari, H. Takahashi, M. Yamada, T. Kanamori, and H. Ono, “1 Tbit/s (100 Gbit/s×10 channel) OTDM/WDM transmission using a single supercontinuum WDM source,” Electron. Lett. 32(10), 906–907 (1996).
[Crossref]

1991 (1)

H. K. Tsang, R. V. Penty, I. H. White, R. S. Grant, W. Sibbett, J. B. D. Soole, H. P. LeBlanc, N. C. Andreadakis, R. Bhat, and M. A. Koza, “Two-photon absorption and self-phase modulation in InGaAsP/InP multi-quantumwell wave-guides,” J. Appl. Phys. 70(7), 3992–3994 (1991).
[Crossref]

Aggarwal, I. D.

Agrawal, G. P.

L. Yin and G. P. Agrawal, “Impact of two-photon absorption on self-phase modulation in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 32(14), 2031–2033 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Andreadakis, N. C.

Badding, J. V.

Baets, R.

Ballesteros, G. C.

Ben Bakir, B.

Bhat, R.

Bogaerts, W.

Boppart, S. A.

Byer, R. L.

Carletti, L.

Cerutti, L.

Chen, X.

Choi, D. Y.

Chudoba, C.

Clemmen, S.

Coen, S.

J. M. Dudley, G. Genty, and S. Coen, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 78(4), 1135–1184 (2006).
[Crossref]

Dave, U. D.

F. Leo, U. D. Dave, B. Kuyken, S. Keyvaninia, and G. Roelkens, “Measurement and tuning of the chromatic dispersion around the half band gap spectral region of a silicon photonic wire,” Opt. Lett. (submitted).

Day, T. D.

Dekker, S. A.

Dudley, J. M.

J. M. Dudley, G. Genty, and S. Coen, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 78(4), 1135–1184 (2006).
[Crossref]

Eggleton, B. J.

Elder, A. D.

Emplit, P.

Fainman, Y.

K. Ikeda, Y. M. Shen, and Y. Fainman, “Enhanced optical nonlinearity in amorphous silicon and its application to waveguide devices,” Opt. Express 15(26), 17761–17771 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fedeli, J. M.

Fédéli, J. M.

Fejer, M. M.

Fermann, M. E.

Foster, A. C.

K.-Y. Wang and A. C. Foster, “Ultralow power continuous-wave frequency conversion in hydrogenated amorphous silicon waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 37(8), 1331–1333 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Foster, M. A.

Frank, J. H.

Fujimoto, J. G.

Gaeta, A. L.

Galili, M.

Gassenq, A.

Gautier, P.

Gencarelli, F.

Genty, G.

J. M. Dudley, G. Genty, and S. Coen, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 78(4), 1135–1184 (2006).
[Crossref]

Ghanta, R. K.

Grant, R. S.

Green, W.

Green, W. M. J.

Grillet, C.

Grosse, P.

Halir, R.

Hartl, I.

Hasama, T.

Hattasan, N.

Healy, N.

Hens, Z.

Hu, C.

Hu, H.

Hudson, D. D.

Hult, J.

Ikeda, K.

K. Ikeda, Y. M. Shen, and Y. Fainman, “Enhanced optical nonlinearity in amorphous silicon and its application to waveguide devices,” Opt. Express 15(26), 17761–17771 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ishikawa, H.

Itoga, E.

Jackson, S. D.

Jeppesen, P.

Ji, H.

Jiang, J.

Judge, A. C.

Kamatani, O.

Kamei, T.

Kaminski, C. F.

Kanamori, T.

Kawanishi, S.

Kawashima, H.

Keyvaninia, S.

King, M. D.

Kitayama, K.

Ko, T. H.

Koza, M. A.

Kuri, T.

Kuyken, B.

Lamont, M. R. E.

Langrock, C.

LeBlanc, H. P.

Leo, F.

Levy, J. S.

Li, E.

Li, X. D.

Lipson, M.

Liu, X.

Liu, Y.

Loo, R.

Luther-Davies, B.

Madden, S.

Mägi, E. C.

Malik, A.

Marandi, A.

Martí, J.

Mashanovich, G.

Massar, S.

Matres, J.

Mehta, P.

Menezo, S.

Monat, C.

Mori, M.

Morioka, T.

Morthier, G.

Moss, D. J.

Muneeb, M.

Nakanishi, K.

Nakasyotani, T.

Namiki, S.

Narayanan, K.

K. Narayanan and S. F. Preble, “Optical nonlinearities in hydrogenated-amorphous silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 18(9), 8998–9005 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nedeljkovic, M.

Ogasawara, T.

Okawachi, Y.

Ono, H.

Osgood, R.

Osgood, R. M.

Oton, C. J.

Oxenløwe, L. K.

Peacock, A. C.

Pelc, J. S.

Penty, R. V.

Petrillo, K. G.

Phillips, C. R.

Preble, S. F.

K. Narayanan and S. F. Preble, “Optical nonlinearities in hydrogenated-amorphous silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 18(9), 8998–9005 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pu, M.

Ranka, J. K.

Rodriguez, J. B.

Roelkens, G.

Rudy, C. W.

Ryckeboer, E.

Sakakibara, Y.

Sanders, S. T.

Sanghera, J. S.

Saruwatari, M.

Selvaraja, S. K.

Shaw, L. B.

Shen, L.

Shen, Y. M.

K. Ikeda, Y. M. Shen, and Y. Fainman, “Enhanced optical nonlinearity in amorphous silicon and its application to waveguide devices,” Opt. Express 15(26), 17761–17771 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shimura, Y.

Sibbett, W.

Soole, J. B. D.

Sparks, J. R.

Suda, S.

Takahashi, H.

Takara, H.

Takei, R.

Takiguchi, K.

Tanizawa, K.

Toda, H.

Tournié, E.

Tsang, H. K.

Tu, H.

Uchiyama, K.

Uvin, S.

Van Campenhout, J.

Van Thourhout, D.

Vincent, B.

Vodopyanov, K. L.

Wang, K.-Y.

K.-Y. Wang and A. C. Foster, “Ultralow power continuous-wave frequency conversion in hydrogenated amorphous silicon waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 37(8), 1331–1333 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Watt, R. S.

White, I. H.

Windeler, R. S.

Yamada, M.

Yin, L.

L. Yin and G. P. Agrawal, “Impact of two-photon absorption on self-phase modulation in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 32(14), 2031–2033 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhao, Y.

Appl. Phys. B (2)

Electron. Lett. (1)

J. Appl. Phys. (1)

J. Lightwave Technol. (1)

Opt. Express (10)

K. Ikeda, Y. M. Shen, and Y. Fainman, “Enhanced optical nonlinearity in amorphous silicon and its application to waveguide devices,” Opt. Express 15(26), 17761–17771 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Narayanan and S. F. Preble, “Optical nonlinearities in hydrogenated-amorphous silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 18(9), 8998–9005 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (9)

K.-Y. Wang and A. C. Foster, “Ultralow power continuous-wave frequency conversion in hydrogenated amorphous silicon waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 37(8), 1331–1333 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Yin and G. P. Agrawal, “Impact of two-photon absorption on self-phase modulation in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 32(14), 2031–2033 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Mater. Express (1)

Rev. Mod. Phys. (1)

J. M. Dudley, G. Genty, and S. Coen, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 78(4), 1135–1184 (2006).
[Crossref]

Other (2)

G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic, 2001).

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Fig. 1 The build-up of the supercontinuum with increasing power. MI1 bands appear at 7.6 W peak power, MI2 at 9.5 W and at 11.1 W the bands merge to form the supercontinuum which then grows as power is increased to 12.6 W and 14.7 W and it finally saturates when the spectral width is about 1000 nm at 46 W. Successive plots are shifted by 20dB for clarity. The inset shows the SEM cross-section of the waveguide used in the experiment.

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Fig. 2 Stability of the generated supercontinuum over time demonstrating that the hydrogenated amorphous silicon material is stable at the 1950 nm pump wavelength for at least several hours. The peak power in the waveguide is 60 ± 10 W.

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Fig. 3 (a) Plot of the peak powers coupled out of the waveguide versus input peak power, which shows a sub linear relation. (b) Plot of the inverse transmission and a linear fit, which gives a value for the two-photon absorption coefficient of the amorphous silicon material of β_TPA = 2.3x10⁻¹³ mW⁻¹.

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Fig. 4 Measured spectra (left) for the determination of Re(γ) with coupled peak powers of 1.9 W, 6.1 W, 7.6 W, 9.5 W and 11.1 W and the simulations of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (right) resulting in Re(γ) = 100 ± 10 W⁻¹m⁻¹. Successive plots are shifted by 30dB for clarity.

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Fig. 5 Supercontinuum generation in crystalline silicon waveguides. The positions of the modulation instability bands of a crystalline silicon waveguide with the same dimensions as the one used for the supercontinuum generation in a-Si:H show that the dispersion of this waveguide is similar. Clearly, a-Si:H is a better material system for supercontinuum generation at this wavelength. Successive plots are shifted by 20dB for clarity.

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Tables (1)

Table 1 Comparison of present work to supercontinuum generation in literature

View Table

Equations (3)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

Δ k + 2. Re (γ) P = k_{s} + k_{i} - 2 k_{p} + 2. Re (γ) P = β_{2} Δ ω^{2} + \frac{1}{12} β_{4} Δ ω^{4} + 2. Re (γ) P

γ = \frac{k_{0} n_{2}}{A_{e f f}} + i \frac{β_{T P A}}{2 A_{e f f}}

\frac{1}{T} = \frac{P_{I N}}{P_{O U T}} = \exp (α_{L I N} L) \frac{L_{e f f}}{A_{e f f}} β_{T P A} P_{I N} + \exp (α_{L I N} L)

Ref	Material platform	Bandwidth (in octaves at −30 dB)	Pulse energy (pJ)	Pulse width (fs)	Average power (mW)	Peak power (W)	Pump wavelength (nm)
Present work	a-Si:H	0.65	21	1240	0.54	16.5	1950
[8]	Chalcogenide waveguide	0.7	60	610	0.5	68	1550
[9]	Chalcogenide tapered fiber	1 (−20dB bandwidth)	77	250	3	150	1550
[11]	Silicon nitride	1.6	160	200	13	800	1335
[12]	Lithium niobate	1 (−40 dB bandwidth)	7000	97	500	72 kW	2000

Abstract

References

2013 (5)

2012 (5)

2011 (5)

2010 (1)

2008 (2)

2007 (2)

2006 (2)

2002 (1)

2001 (1)

1996 (1)

1991 (1)

Aggarwal, I. D.

Agrawal, G. P.

Andreadakis, N. C.

Badding, J. V.

Baets, R.

Ballesteros, G. C.

Ben Bakir, B.

Bhat, R.

Bogaerts, W.

Boppart, S. A.

Byer, R. L.

Carletti, L.

Cerutti, L.

Chen, X.

Choi, D. Y.

Chudoba, C.

Clemmen, S.

Coen, S.

Dave, U. D.

Day, T. D.

Dekker, S. A.

Dudley, J. M.

Eggleton, B. J.

Elder, A. D.

Emplit, P.

Fainman, Y.

Fedeli, J. M.

Fédéli, J. M.

Fejer, M. M.

Fermann, M. E.

Foster, A. C.

Foster, M. A.

Frank, J. H.

Fujimoto, J. G.

Gaeta, A. L.

Galili, M.

Gassenq, A.

Gautier, P.

Gencarelli, F.

Genty, G.

Ghanta, R. K.

Grant, R. S.

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Green, W. M. J.

Grillet, C.

Grosse, P.

Halir, R.

Hartl, I.

Hasama, T.

Hattasan, N.

Healy, N.

Hens, Z.

Hu, C.

Hu, H.

Hudson, D. D.

Hult, J.

Ikeda, K.

Ishikawa, H.

Itoga, E.

Jackson, S. D.

Jeppesen, P.

Ji, H.

Jiang, J.

Judge, A. C.

Kamatani, O.

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Kaminski, C. F.