Abstract

We report a time-domain method of stabilizing the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of femtosecond pulses. Temporal variations of the pulse envelope and the carrier electric-field phase were separately detected with the aid of intensity cross-correlation and interferometric cross-correlation. These detected signals were used to stabilize the CEP; the resulting 50-fold improvement in the fractional stability of the carrier-envelop-offset frequency was evaluated as 1.2 × 10−11 at 0.1 second averaging periods and 1.7 × 10−9 at 80 seconds, corresponding to a carrier envelope phase noise of 75 microradians and 10 milliradians, respectively. This method can be realized with a low pulse energy of ~10 pJ and does not require subsequent power amplification or spectral broadening. The high efficiency and short-term stability of this method can facilitate the use of femtosecond lasers in the field of industrial surface measurements, telecommunications, and space sciences.

© 2014 Optical Society of America

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  1. T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, “Optical frequency metrology,” Nature 416(6877), 233–237 (2002).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–639 (2000).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. P. B. Corkum and F. Krausz, “Attosecond science,” Nat. Phys. 3(6), 381–387 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  4. F. Krausz and M. Ivanov, “Attosecond physics,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 163–234 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  5. S.-W. Kim, “Metrology: Combs rule,” Nat. Photonics 3(6), 313–314 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  6. S. Diddams, “The evolving optical frequency comb,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27(11), B51–B62 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  7. N. R. Newbury, “Searching for applications with a fine-tooth comb,” Nat. Photonics 5(4), 186–188 (2011).
    [Crossref]
  8. L. Xu, Ch. Spielmann, A. Poppe, T. Brabec, F. Krausz, and T. W. Hänsch, “Route to phase control of ultrashort light pulses,” Opt. Lett. 21(24), 2008–2010 (1996).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. T. Yasui, K. Minoshima, and H. Matsumoto, “Stabilization of femtosecond mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser for high-accuracy pulse interferometry,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37(1), 12–19 (2001).
    [Crossref]
  10. T. R. Schibli, K. Minoshima, F.-L. Hong, H. Inaba, A. Onae, H. Matsumoto, I. Hartl, and M. E. Fermann, “Frequency metrology with a turnkey all-fiber system,” Opt. Lett. 29(21), 2467–2469 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. I. Hartl, G. Imeshev, M. E. Fermann, C. Langrock, and M. M. Fejer, “Integrated self-referenced frequency-comb laser based on a combination of fiber and waveguide technology,” Opt. Express 13(17), 6490–6496 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  12. A. Baltuška, T. Fuji, and T. Kobayashi, “Controlling the carrier-envelope phase of ultrashort light pulses with optical parametric amplifiers,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(13), 133901 (2002).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  13. T. Fuji, J. Rauschenberger, A. Apolonski, V. S. Yakovlev, G. Tempea, T. Udem, C. Gohle, T. W. Hänsch, W. Lehnert, M. Scherer, and F. Krausz, “Monolithic carrier-envelope phase-stabilization scheme,” Opt. Lett. 30(3), 332–334 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  14. T. Fuji, A. Apolonski, and F. Krausz, “Self-stabilization of carrier-envelope offset phase by use of difference-frequency generation,” Opt. Lett. 29(6), 632–634 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  15. Y. S. Lee, J. H. Sung, C. H. Nam, T. J. Yu, and K.-H. Hong, “Novel method for carrier-envelope-phase stabilization of femtosecond laser pulses,” Opt. Express 13(8), 2969–2976 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  16. E. B. Kim, J.-H. Lee, W.-K. Lee, T. T. Luu, and C. H. Nam, “Long-term maintenance of the carrier-envelope phase coherence of a femtosecond laser,” Opt. Express 18(25), 26365–26372 (2010).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. J.-H. Lee, E. B. Kim, T. T. Luu, W.-K. Lee, D.-H. Yu, J. Park, C. Y. Park, T. J. Yu, and C. H. Nam, “Frequency-domain performance of a femtosecond laser with carrier-envelope phase stabilized by the direct locking method,” Appl. Phys. B 104(4), 793–797 (2011).
    [Crossref]
  18. S. Koke, C. Grebing, H. Frei, A. Anderson, A. Assion, and G. Steinmeyer, “Direct frequency comb synthesis with arbitrary offset and shot-noise-limited phase noise,” Nat. Photonics 4(7), 462–465 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  19. B. Borchers, S. Koke, A. Husakou, J. Herrmann, and G. Steinmeyer, “Carrier-envelope phase stabilization with sub-10 as residual timing jitter,” Opt. Lett. 36(21), 4146–4148 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. T. Wittmann, B. Horvath, W. Helml, M. G. Schatzel, X. Gu, A. L. Cavalier, G. G. Paulus, and R. Kienberger, “Single-shot carrier-envelope phase measurement of few-cycle laser pulses,” Nat. Phys. 5(5), 357–362 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  21. N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
    [Crossref]
  22. M. Kreß, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, “Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 327–331 (2006).
    [Crossref]
  23. T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  24. J. Kim, J. Chen, J. Cox, and F. X. Kärtner, “Attosecond-resolution timing jitter characterization of free-running mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 32(24), 3519–3521 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  25. J. Kim, J. A. Cox, J. Chen, and F. X. Kärtner, “Drift-free femtosecond timing synchronization of remote optical and microwave sources,” Nat. Photonics 2(12), 733–736 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  26. J. Lee, Y.-J. Kim, K. Lee, S. Lee, and S.-W. Kim, “Time-of-flight measurement with femtosecond light pulses,” Nat. Photonics 4(10), 716–720 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  27. J. Lee, K. Lee, S. Lee, S.-W. Kim, and Y.-J. Kim, “High precision laser ranging by time-of-flight measurement of femtosecond pulses,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 23(6), 065203 (2012).
    [Crossref]
  28. T.-A. Liu, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, “Sub-micron absolute distance measurements in sub-millisecond times with dual free-running femtosecond Er fiber-lasers,” Opt. Express 19(19), 18501–18509 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  29. J. A. Cox, J. Kim, J. Chen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Long-term stable timing distribution of an ultrafast optical pulse train over multiple fiber links with polarization maintaining output,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper CTuS1.
    [Crossref]
  30. J. Kim and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond-precision ultrafast photonics,” Laser Photon. Rev. 4(3), 432–456 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  31. A. J. Benedick, J. G. Fujimoto, and F. X. Kartner, “Optical flywheels with attosecond jitter,” Nat. Photonics 6(2), 97–100 (2012).
    [Crossref]

2012 (2)

J. Lee, K. Lee, S. Lee, S.-W. Kim, and Y.-J. Kim, “High precision laser ranging by time-of-flight measurement of femtosecond pulses,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 23(6), 065203 (2012).
[Crossref]

A. J. Benedick, J. G. Fujimoto, and F. X. Kartner, “Optical flywheels with attosecond jitter,” Nat. Photonics 6(2), 97–100 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (5)

T.-A. Liu, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, “Sub-micron absolute distance measurements in sub-millisecond times with dual free-running femtosecond Er fiber-lasers,” Opt. Express 19(19), 18501–18509 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J.-H. Lee, E. B. Kim, T. T. Luu, W.-K. Lee, D.-H. Yu, J. Park, C. Y. Park, T. J. Yu, and C. H. Nam, “Frequency-domain performance of a femtosecond laser with carrier-envelope phase stabilized by the direct locking method,” Appl. Phys. B 104(4), 793–797 (2011).
[Crossref]

B. Borchers, S. Koke, A. Husakou, J. Herrmann, and G. Steinmeyer, “Carrier-envelope phase stabilization with sub-10 as residual timing jitter,” Opt. Lett. 36(21), 4146–4148 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

N. R. Newbury, “Searching for applications with a fine-tooth comb,” Nat. Photonics 5(4), 186–188 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (5)

S. Diddams, “The evolving optical frequency comb,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27(11), B51–B62 (2010).
[Crossref]

E. B. Kim, J.-H. Lee, W.-K. Lee, T. T. Luu, and C. H. Nam, “Long-term maintenance of the carrier-envelope phase coherence of a femtosecond laser,” Opt. Express 18(25), 26365–26372 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Koke, C. Grebing, H. Frei, A. Anderson, A. Assion, and G. Steinmeyer, “Direct frequency comb synthesis with arbitrary offset and shot-noise-limited phase noise,” Nat. Photonics 4(7), 462–465 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. Kim and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond-precision ultrafast photonics,” Laser Photon. Rev. 4(3), 432–456 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. Lee, Y.-J. Kim, K. Lee, S. Lee, and S.-W. Kim, “Time-of-flight measurement with femtosecond light pulses,” Nat. Photonics 4(10), 716–720 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (3)

T. Wittmann, B. Horvath, W. Helml, M. G. Schatzel, X. Gu, A. L. Cavalier, G. G. Paulus, and R. Kienberger, “Single-shot carrier-envelope phase measurement of few-cycle laser pulses,” Nat. Phys. 5(5), 357–362 (2009).
[Crossref]

F. Krausz and M. Ivanov, “Attosecond physics,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 163–234 (2009).
[Crossref]

S.-W. Kim, “Metrology: Combs rule,” Nat. Photonics 3(6), 313–314 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

J. Kim, J. A. Cox, J. Chen, and F. X. Kärtner, “Drift-free femtosecond timing synchronization of remote optical and microwave sources,” Nat. Photonics 2(12), 733–736 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (2)

J. Kim, J. Chen, J. Cox, and F. X. Kärtner, “Attosecond-resolution timing jitter characterization of free-running mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 32(24), 3519–3521 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. B. Corkum and F. Krausz, “Attosecond science,” Nat. Phys. 3(6), 381–387 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

M. Kreß, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, “Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 327–331 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (3)

Y. S. Lee, J. H. Sung, C. H. Nam, T. J. Yu, and K.-H. Hong, “Novel method for carrier-envelope-phase stabilization of femtosecond laser pulses,” Opt. Express 13(8), 2969–2976 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Fuji, J. Rauschenberger, A. Apolonski, V. S. Yakovlev, G. Tempea, T. Udem, C. Gohle, T. W. Hänsch, W. Lehnert, M. Scherer, and F. Krausz, “Monolithic carrier-envelope phase-stabilization scheme,” Opt. Lett. 30(3), 332–334 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Hartl, G. Imeshev, M. E. Fermann, C. Langrock, and M. M. Fejer, “Integrated self-referenced frequency-comb laser based on a combination of fiber and waveguide technology,” Opt. Express 13(17), 6490–6496 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (2)

T. R. Schibli, K. Minoshima, F.-L. Hong, H. Inaba, A. Onae, H. Matsumoto, I. Hartl, and M. E. Fermann, “Frequency metrology with a turnkey all-fiber system,” Opt. Lett. 29(21), 2467–2469 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Fuji, A. Apolonski, and F. Krausz, “Self-stabilization of carrier-envelope offset phase by use of difference-frequency generation,” Opt. Lett. 29(6), 632–634 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (1)

T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (2)

A. Baltuška, T. Fuji, and T. Kobayashi, “Controlling the carrier-envelope phase of ultrashort light pulses with optical parametric amplifiers,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(13), 133901 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, “Optical frequency metrology,” Nature 416(6877), 233–237 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (1)

T. Yasui, K. Minoshima, and H. Matsumoto, “Stabilization of femtosecond mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser for high-accuracy pulse interferometry,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37(1), 12–19 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–639 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1996 (1)

L. Xu, Ch. Spielmann, A. Poppe, T. Brabec, F. Krausz, and T. W. Hänsch, “Route to phase control of ultrashort light pulses,” Opt. Lett. 21(24), 2008–2010 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Anderson, A.

S. Koke, C. Grebing, H. Frei, A. Anderson, A. Assion, and G. Steinmeyer, “Direct frequency comb synthesis with arbitrary offset and shot-noise-limited phase noise,” Nat. Photonics 4(7), 462–465 (2010).
[Crossref]

Apolonski, A.

T. Fuji, J. Rauschenberger, A. Apolonski, V. S. Yakovlev, G. Tempea, T. Udem, C. Gohle, T. W. Hänsch, W. Lehnert, M. Scherer, and F. Krausz, “Monolithic carrier-envelope phase-stabilization scheme,” Opt. Lett. 30(3), 332–334 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Fuji, A. Apolonski, and F. Krausz, “Self-stabilization of carrier-envelope offset phase by use of difference-frequency generation,” Opt. Lett. 29(6), 632–634 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Assion, A.

S. Koke, C. Grebing, H. Frei, A. Anderson, A. Assion, and G. Steinmeyer, “Direct frequency comb synthesis with arbitrary offset and shot-noise-limited phase noise,” Nat. Photonics 4(7), 462–465 (2010).
[Crossref]

Baltuška, A.

A. Baltuška, T. Fuji, and T. Kobayashi, “Controlling the carrier-envelope phase of ultrashort light pulses with optical parametric amplifiers,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(13), 133901 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Benedick, A. J.

A. J. Benedick, J. G. Fujimoto, and F. X. Kartner, “Optical flywheels with attosecond jitter,” Nat. Photonics 6(2), 97–100 (2012).
[Crossref]

Ben-Itzhak, I.

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

Bergues, B.

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

Betsch, K. J.

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

Borchers, B.

B. Borchers, S. Koke, A. Husakou, J. Herrmann, and G. Steinmeyer, “Carrier-envelope phase stabilization with sub-10 as residual timing jitter,” Opt. Lett. 36(21), 4146–4148 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Brabec, T.

L. Xu, Ch. Spielmann, A. Poppe, T. Brabec, F. Krausz, and T. W. Hänsch, “Route to phase control of ultrashort light pulses,” Opt. Lett. 21(24), 2008–2010 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cavalier, A. L.

T. Wittmann, B. Horvath, W. Helml, M. G. Schatzel, X. Gu, A. L. Cavalier, G. G. Paulus, and R. Kienberger, “Single-shot carrier-envelope phase measurement of few-cycle laser pulses,” Nat. Phys. 5(5), 357–362 (2009).
[Crossref]

Chen, J.

J. Kim, J. A. Cox, J. Chen, and F. X. Kärtner, “Drift-free femtosecond timing synchronization of remote optical and microwave sources,” Nat. Photonics 2(12), 733–736 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. Kim, J. Chen, J. Cox, and F. X. Kärtner, “Attosecond-resolution timing jitter characterization of free-running mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 32(24), 3519–3521 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Coddington, I.

T.-A. Liu, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, “Sub-micron absolute distance measurements in sub-millisecond times with dual free-running femtosecond Er fiber-lasers,” Opt. Express 19(19), 18501–18509 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Corkum, P. B.

P. B. Corkum and F. Krausz, “Attosecond science,” Nat. Phys. 3(6), 381–387 (2007).
[Crossref]

Cox, J.

J. Kim, J. Chen, J. Cox, and F. X. Kärtner, “Attosecond-resolution timing jitter characterization of free-running mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 32(24), 3519–3521 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cox, J. A.

J. Kim, J. A. Cox, J. Chen, and F. X. Kärtner, “Drift-free femtosecond timing synchronization of remote optical and microwave sources,” Nat. Photonics 2(12), 733–736 (2008).
[Crossref]

Cundiff, S. T.

D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–639 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

De, S.

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

Diddams, S.

S. Diddams, “The evolving optical frequency comb,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27(11), B51–B62 (2010).
[Crossref]

Diddams, S. A.

D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–639 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dörner, R.

M. Kreß, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, “Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 327–331 (2006).
[Crossref]

Ergler, T.

M. Kreß, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, “Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 327–331 (2006).
[Crossref]

Fejer, M. M.

I. Hartl, G. Imeshev, M. E. Fermann, C. Langrock, and M. M. Fejer, “Integrated self-referenced frequency-comb laser based on a combination of fiber and waveguide technology,” Opt. Express 13(17), 6490–6496 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fermann, M. E.

I. Hartl, G. Imeshev, M. E. Fermann, C. Langrock, and M. M. Fejer, “Integrated self-referenced frequency-comb laser based on a combination of fiber and waveguide technology,” Opt. Express 13(17), 6490–6496 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. R. Schibli, K. Minoshima, F.-L. Hong, H. Inaba, A. Onae, H. Matsumoto, I. Hartl, and M. E. Fermann, “Frequency metrology with a turnkey all-fiber system,” Opt. Lett. 29(21), 2467–2469 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Frei, H.

S. Koke, C. Grebing, H. Frei, A. Anderson, A. Assion, and G. Steinmeyer, “Direct frequency comb synthesis with arbitrary offset and shot-noise-limited phase noise,” Nat. Photonics 4(7), 462–465 (2010).
[Crossref]

Fuji, T.

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I. Hartl, G. Imeshev, M. E. Fermann, C. Langrock, and M. M. Fejer, “Integrated self-referenced frequency-comb laser based on a combination of fiber and waveguide technology,” Opt. Express 13(17), 6490–6496 (2005).
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T. R. Schibli, K. Minoshima, F.-L. Hong, H. Inaba, A. Onae, H. Matsumoto, I. Hartl, and M. E. Fermann, “Frequency metrology with a turnkey all-fiber system,” Opt. Lett. 29(21), 2467–2469 (2004).
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T. Wittmann, B. Horvath, W. Helml, M. G. Schatzel, X. Gu, A. L. Cavalier, G. G. Paulus, and R. Kienberger, “Single-shot carrier-envelope phase measurement of few-cycle laser pulses,” Nat. Phys. 5(5), 357–362 (2009).
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B. Borchers, S. Koke, A. Husakou, J. Herrmann, and G. Steinmeyer, “Carrier-envelope phase stabilization with sub-10 as residual timing jitter,” Opt. Lett. 36(21), 4146–4148 (2011).
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N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
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T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, “Optical frequency metrology,” Nature 416(6877), 233–237 (2002).
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T. R. Schibli, K. Minoshima, F.-L. Hong, H. Inaba, A. Onae, H. Matsumoto, I. Hartl, and M. E. Fermann, “Frequency metrology with a turnkey all-fiber system,” Opt. Lett. 29(21), 2467–2469 (2004).
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Y. S. Lee, J. H. Sung, C. H. Nam, T. J. Yu, and K.-H. Hong, “Novel method for carrier-envelope-phase stabilization of femtosecond laser pulses,” Opt. Express 13(8), 2969–2976 (2005).
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T. Wittmann, B. Horvath, W. Helml, M. G. Schatzel, X. Gu, A. L. Cavalier, G. G. Paulus, and R. Kienberger, “Single-shot carrier-envelope phase measurement of few-cycle laser pulses,” Nat. Phys. 5(5), 357–362 (2009).
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B. Borchers, S. Koke, A. Husakou, J. Herrmann, and G. Steinmeyer, “Carrier-envelope phase stabilization with sub-10 as residual timing jitter,” Opt. Lett. 36(21), 4146–4148 (2011).
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I. Hartl, G. Imeshev, M. E. Fermann, C. Langrock, and M. M. Fejer, “Integrated self-referenced frequency-comb laser based on a combination of fiber and waveguide technology,” Opt. Express 13(17), 6490–6496 (2005).
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T. R. Schibli, K. Minoshima, F.-L. Hong, H. Inaba, A. Onae, H. Matsumoto, I. Hartl, and M. E. Fermann, “Frequency metrology with a turnkey all-fiber system,” Opt. Lett. 29(21), 2467–2469 (2004).
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T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003).
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D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–639 (2000).
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N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
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J. Kim and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond-precision ultrafast photonics,” Laser Photon. Rev. 4(3), 432–456 (2010).
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T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003).
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A. J. Benedick, J. G. Fujimoto, and F. X. Kartner, “Optical flywheels with attosecond jitter,” Nat. Photonics 6(2), 97–100 (2012).
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J. Kim, J. A. Cox, J. Chen, and F. X. Kärtner, “Drift-free femtosecond timing synchronization of remote optical and microwave sources,” Nat. Photonics 2(12), 733–736 (2008).
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J. Kim, J. Chen, J. Cox, and F. X. Kärtner, “Attosecond-resolution timing jitter characterization of free-running mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 32(24), 3519–3521 (2007).
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T. Wittmann, B. Horvath, W. Helml, M. G. Schatzel, X. Gu, A. L. Cavalier, G. G. Paulus, and R. Kienberger, “Single-shot carrier-envelope phase measurement of few-cycle laser pulses,” Nat. Phys. 5(5), 357–362 (2009).
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Kim, E. B.

J.-H. Lee, E. B. Kim, T. T. Luu, W.-K. Lee, D.-H. Yu, J. Park, C. Y. Park, T. J. Yu, and C. H. Nam, “Frequency-domain performance of a femtosecond laser with carrier-envelope phase stabilized by the direct locking method,” Appl. Phys. B 104(4), 793–797 (2011).
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E. B. Kim, J.-H. Lee, W.-K. Lee, T. T. Luu, and C. H. Nam, “Long-term maintenance of the carrier-envelope phase coherence of a femtosecond laser,” Opt. Express 18(25), 26365–26372 (2010).
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Kim, J.

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J. Kim, J. A. Cox, J. Chen, and F. X. Kärtner, “Drift-free femtosecond timing synchronization of remote optical and microwave sources,” Nat. Photonics 2(12), 733–736 (2008).
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J. Kim, J. Chen, J. Cox, and F. X. Kärtner, “Attosecond-resolution timing jitter characterization of free-running mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 32(24), 3519–3521 (2007).
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T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003).
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Kim, S.-W.

J. Lee, K. Lee, S. Lee, S.-W. Kim, and Y.-J. Kim, “High precision laser ranging by time-of-flight measurement of femtosecond pulses,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 23(6), 065203 (2012).
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J. Lee, Y.-J. Kim, K. Lee, S. Lee, and S.-W. Kim, “Time-of-flight measurement with femtosecond light pulses,” Nat. Photonics 4(10), 716–720 (2010).
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S.-W. Kim, “Metrology: Combs rule,” Nat. Photonics 3(6), 313–314 (2009).
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Kim, Y.-J.

J. Lee, K. Lee, S. Lee, S.-W. Kim, and Y.-J. Kim, “High precision laser ranging by time-of-flight measurement of femtosecond pulses,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 23(6), 065203 (2012).
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J. Lee, Y.-J. Kim, K. Lee, S. Lee, and S.-W. Kim, “Time-of-flight measurement with femtosecond light pulses,” Nat. Photonics 4(10), 716–720 (2010).
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N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

Kobayashi, T.

A. Baltuška, T. Fuji, and T. Kobayashi, “Controlling the carrier-envelope phase of ultrashort light pulses with optical parametric amplifiers,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(13), 133901 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Koke, S.

B. Borchers, S. Koke, A. Husakou, J. Herrmann, and G. Steinmeyer, “Carrier-envelope phase stabilization with sub-10 as residual timing jitter,” Opt. Lett. 36(21), 4146–4148 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Koke, C. Grebing, H. Frei, A. Anderson, A. Assion, and G. Steinmeyer, “Direct frequency comb synthesis with arbitrary offset and shot-noise-limited phase noise,” Nat. Photonics 4(7), 462–465 (2010).
[Crossref]

Kolodziejski, L. A.

T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003).
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F. Krausz and M. Ivanov, “Attosecond physics,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 163–234 (2009).
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T. Fuji, J. Rauschenberger, A. Apolonski, V. S. Yakovlev, G. Tempea, T. Udem, C. Gohle, T. W. Hänsch, W. Lehnert, M. Scherer, and F. Krausz, “Monolithic carrier-envelope phase-stabilization scheme,” Opt. Lett. 30(3), 332–334 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Fuji, A. Apolonski, and F. Krausz, “Self-stabilization of carrier-envelope offset phase by use of difference-frequency generation,” Opt. Lett. 29(6), 632–634 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kreß, M.

M. Kreß, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, “Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 327–331 (2006).
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T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003).
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Langrock, C.

I. Hartl, G. Imeshev, M. E. Fermann, C. Langrock, and M. M. Fejer, “Integrated self-referenced frequency-comb laser based on a combination of fiber and waveguide technology,” Opt. Express 13(17), 6490–6496 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, J.

J. Lee, K. Lee, S. Lee, S.-W. Kim, and Y.-J. Kim, “High precision laser ranging by time-of-flight measurement of femtosecond pulses,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 23(6), 065203 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Lee, Y.-J. Kim, K. Lee, S. Lee, and S.-W. Kim, “Time-of-flight measurement with femtosecond light pulses,” Nat. Photonics 4(10), 716–720 (2010).
[Crossref]

Lee, J.-H.

J.-H. Lee, E. B. Kim, T. T. Luu, W.-K. Lee, D.-H. Yu, J. Park, C. Y. Park, T. J. Yu, and C. H. Nam, “Frequency-domain performance of a femtosecond laser with carrier-envelope phase stabilized by the direct locking method,” Appl. Phys. B 104(4), 793–797 (2011).
[Crossref]

E. B. Kim, J.-H. Lee, W.-K. Lee, T. T. Luu, and C. H. Nam, “Long-term maintenance of the carrier-envelope phase coherence of a femtosecond laser,” Opt. Express 18(25), 26365–26372 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, K.

J. Lee, K. Lee, S. Lee, S.-W. Kim, and Y.-J. Kim, “High precision laser ranging by time-of-flight measurement of femtosecond pulses,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 23(6), 065203 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Lee, Y.-J. Kim, K. Lee, S. Lee, and S.-W. Kim, “Time-of-flight measurement with femtosecond light pulses,” Nat. Photonics 4(10), 716–720 (2010).
[Crossref]

Lee, S.

J. Lee, K. Lee, S. Lee, S.-W. Kim, and Y.-J. Kim, “High precision laser ranging by time-of-flight measurement of femtosecond pulses,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 23(6), 065203 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Lee, Y.-J. Kim, K. Lee, S. Lee, and S.-W. Kim, “Time-of-flight measurement with femtosecond light pulses,” Nat. Photonics 4(10), 716–720 (2010).
[Crossref]

Lee, W.-K.

J.-H. Lee, E. B. Kim, T. T. Luu, W.-K. Lee, D.-H. Yu, J. Park, C. Y. Park, T. J. Yu, and C. H. Nam, “Frequency-domain performance of a femtosecond laser with carrier-envelope phase stabilized by the direct locking method,” Appl. Phys. B 104(4), 793–797 (2011).
[Crossref]

E. B. Kim, J.-H. Lee, W.-K. Lee, T. T. Luu, and C. H. Nam, “Long-term maintenance of the carrier-envelope phase coherence of a femtosecond laser,” Opt. Express 18(25), 26365–26372 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, Y. S.

Y. S. Lee, J. H. Sung, C. H. Nam, T. J. Yu, and K.-H. Hong, “Novel method for carrier-envelope-phase stabilization of femtosecond laser pulses,” Opt. Express 13(8), 2969–2976 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lehnert, W.

T. Fuji, J. Rauschenberger, A. Apolonski, V. S. Yakovlev, G. Tempea, T. Udem, C. Gohle, T. W. Hänsch, W. Lehnert, M. Scherer, and F. Krausz, “Monolithic carrier-envelope phase-stabilization scheme,” Opt. Lett. 30(3), 332–334 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lezius, M.

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
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Liu, T.-A.

T.-A. Liu, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, “Sub-micron absolute distance measurements in sub-millisecond times with dual free-running femtosecond Er fiber-lasers,” Opt. Express 19(19), 18501–18509 (2011).
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Löffler, T.

M. Kreß, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, “Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 327–331 (2006).
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Luu, T. T.

J.-H. Lee, E. B. Kim, T. T. Luu, W.-K. Lee, D.-H. Yu, J. Park, C. Y. Park, T. J. Yu, and C. H. Nam, “Frequency-domain performance of a femtosecond laser with carrier-envelope phase stabilized by the direct locking method,” Appl. Phys. B 104(4), 793–797 (2011).
[Crossref]

E. B. Kim, J.-H. Lee, W.-K. Lee, T. T. Luu, and C. H. Nam, “Long-term maintenance of the carrier-envelope phase coherence of a femtosecond laser,” Opt. Express 18(25), 26365–26372 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Matsumoto, H.

T. R. Schibli, K. Minoshima, F.-L. Hong, H. Inaba, A. Onae, H. Matsumoto, I. Hartl, and M. E. Fermann, “Frequency metrology with a turnkey all-fiber system,” Opt. Lett. 29(21), 2467–2469 (2004).
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T. Yasui, K. Minoshima, and H. Matsumoto, “Stabilization of femtosecond mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser for high-accuracy pulse interferometry,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37(1), 12–19 (2001).
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Minoshima, K.

T. R. Schibli, K. Minoshima, F.-L. Hong, H. Inaba, A. Onae, H. Matsumoto, I. Hartl, and M. E. Fermann, “Frequency metrology with a turnkey all-fiber system,” Opt. Lett. 29(21), 2467–2469 (2004).
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T. Yasui, K. Minoshima, and H. Matsumoto, “Stabilization of femtosecond mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser for high-accuracy pulse interferometry,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37(1), 12–19 (2001).
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Morgner, U.

M. Kreß, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, “Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 327–331 (2006).
[Crossref]

Moshammer, R.

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. Kreß, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, “Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 327–331 (2006).
[Crossref]

Müller, W.

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

Nam, C. H.

J.-H. Lee, E. B. Kim, T. T. Luu, W.-K. Lee, D.-H. Yu, J. Park, C. Y. Park, T. J. Yu, and C. H. Nam, “Frequency-domain performance of a femtosecond laser with carrier-envelope phase stabilized by the direct locking method,” Appl. Phys. B 104(4), 793–797 (2011).
[Crossref]

E. B. Kim, J.-H. Lee, W.-K. Lee, T. T. Luu, and C. H. Nam, “Long-term maintenance of the carrier-envelope phase coherence of a femtosecond laser,” Opt. Express 18(25), 26365–26372 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. S. Lee, J. H. Sung, C. H. Nam, T. J. Yu, and K.-H. Hong, “Novel method for carrier-envelope-phase stabilization of femtosecond laser pulses,” Opt. Express 13(8), 2969–2976 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Newbury, N. R.

N. R. Newbury, “Searching for applications with a fine-tooth comb,” Nat. Photonics 5(4), 186–188 (2011).
[Crossref]

T.-A. Liu, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, “Sub-micron absolute distance measurements in sub-millisecond times with dual free-running femtosecond Er fiber-lasers,” Opt. Express 19(19), 18501–18509 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Onae, A.

T. R. Schibli, K. Minoshima, F.-L. Hong, H. Inaba, A. Onae, H. Matsumoto, I. Hartl, and M. E. Fermann, “Frequency metrology with a turnkey all-fiber system,” Opt. Lett. 29(21), 2467–2469 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Park, C. Y.

J.-H. Lee, E. B. Kim, T. T. Luu, W.-K. Lee, D.-H. Yu, J. Park, C. Y. Park, T. J. Yu, and C. H. Nam, “Frequency-domain performance of a femtosecond laser with carrier-envelope phase stabilized by the direct locking method,” Appl. Phys. B 104(4), 793–797 (2011).
[Crossref]

Park, J.

J.-H. Lee, E. B. Kim, T. T. Luu, W.-K. Lee, D.-H. Yu, J. Park, C. Y. Park, T. J. Yu, and C. H. Nam, “Frequency-domain performance of a femtosecond laser with carrier-envelope phase stabilized by the direct locking method,” Appl. Phys. B 104(4), 793–797 (2011).
[Crossref]

Paulus, G. G.

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

T. Wittmann, B. Horvath, W. Helml, M. G. Schatzel, X. Gu, A. L. Cavalier, G. G. Paulus, and R. Kienberger, “Single-shot carrier-envelope phase measurement of few-cycle laser pulses,” Nat. Phys. 5(5), 357–362 (2009).
[Crossref]

Petrich, G. S.

T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Poppe, A.

L. Xu, Ch. Spielmann, A. Poppe, T. Brabec, F. Krausz, and T. W. Hänsch, “Route to phase control of ultrashort light pulses,” Opt. Lett. 21(24), 2008–2010 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ranka, J. K.

D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–639 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rathje, T.

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

Rauschenberger, J.

T. Fuji, J. Rauschenberger, A. Apolonski, V. S. Yakovlev, G. Tempea, T. Udem, C. Gohle, T. W. Hänsch, W. Lehnert, M. Scherer, and F. Krausz, “Monolithic carrier-envelope phase-stabilization scheme,” Opt. Lett. 30(3), 332–334 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Roskos, H. G.

M. Kreß, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, “Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 327–331 (2006).
[Crossref]

Rühle, K.

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

Sayler, A. M.

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

Schatzel, M. G.

T. Wittmann, B. Horvath, W. Helml, M. G. Schatzel, X. Gu, A. L. Cavalier, G. G. Paulus, and R. Kienberger, “Single-shot carrier-envelope phase measurement of few-cycle laser pulses,” Nat. Phys. 5(5), 357–362 (2009).
[Crossref]

Scherer, M.

T. Fuji, J. Rauschenberger, A. Apolonski, V. S. Yakovlev, G. Tempea, T. Udem, C. Gohle, T. W. Hänsch, W. Lehnert, M. Scherer, and F. Krausz, “Monolithic carrier-envelope phase-stabilization scheme,” Opt. Lett. 30(3), 332–334 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Schibli, T. R.

T. R. Schibli, K. Minoshima, F.-L. Hong, H. Inaba, A. Onae, H. Matsumoto, I. Hartl, and M. E. Fermann, “Frequency metrology with a turnkey all-fiber system,” Opt. Lett. 29(21), 2467–2469 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Schröter, C. D.

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

Senftleben, A.

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

Spielmann, Ch.

L. Xu, Ch. Spielmann, A. Poppe, T. Brabec, F. Krausz, and T. W. Hänsch, “Route to phase control of ultrashort light pulses,” Opt. Lett. 21(24), 2008–2010 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Steinmeyer, G.

B. Borchers, S. Koke, A. Husakou, J. Herrmann, and G. Steinmeyer, “Carrier-envelope phase stabilization with sub-10 as residual timing jitter,” Opt. Lett. 36(21), 4146–4148 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Koke, C. Grebing, H. Frei, A. Anderson, A. Assion, and G. Steinmeyer, “Direct frequency comb synthesis with arbitrary offset and shot-noise-limited phase noise,” Nat. Photonics 4(7), 462–465 (2010).
[Crossref]

Stentz, A.

D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–639 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sung, J. H.

Y. S. Lee, J. H. Sung, C. H. Nam, T. J. Yu, and K.-H. Hong, “Novel method for carrier-envelope-phase stabilization of femtosecond laser pulses,” Opt. Express 13(8), 2969–2976 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tandon, S. N.

T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tempea, G.

T. Fuji, J. Rauschenberger, A. Apolonski, V. S. Yakovlev, G. Tempea, T. Udem, C. Gohle, T. W. Hänsch, W. Lehnert, M. Scherer, and F. Krausz, “Monolithic carrier-envelope phase-stabilization scheme,” Opt. Lett. 30(3), 332–334 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Thomson, M. D.

M. Kreß, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, “Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 327–331 (2006).
[Crossref]

Udem, T.

T. Fuji, J. Rauschenberger, A. Apolonski, V. S. Yakovlev, G. Tempea, T. Udem, C. Gohle, T. W. Hänsch, W. Lehnert, M. Scherer, and F. Krausz, “Monolithic carrier-envelope phase-stabilization scheme,” Opt. Lett. 30(3), 332–334 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, “Optical frequency metrology,” Nature 416(6877), 233–237 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ullrich, J.

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. Kreß, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, “Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 327–331 (2006).
[Crossref]

Windeler, R. S.

D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–639 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wirth, A.

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

Wittmann, T.

T. Wittmann, B. Horvath, W. Helml, M. G. Schatzel, X. Gu, A. L. Cavalier, G. G. Paulus, and R. Kienberger, “Single-shot carrier-envelope phase measurement of few-cycle laser pulses,” Nat. Phys. 5(5), 357–362 (2009).
[Crossref]

Xu, L.

L. Xu, Ch. Spielmann, A. Poppe, T. Brabec, F. Krausz, and T. W. Hänsch, “Route to phase control of ultrashort light pulses,” Opt. Lett. 21(24), 2008–2010 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yakovlev, V. S.

T. Fuji, J. Rauschenberger, A. Apolonski, V. S. Yakovlev, G. Tempea, T. Udem, C. Gohle, T. W. Hänsch, W. Lehnert, M. Scherer, and F. Krausz, “Monolithic carrier-envelope phase-stabilization scheme,” Opt. Lett. 30(3), 332–334 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yasui, T.

T. Yasui, K. Minoshima, and H. Matsumoto, “Stabilization of femtosecond mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser for high-accuracy pulse interferometry,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37(1), 12–19 (2001).
[Crossref]

Yu, D.-H.

J.-H. Lee, E. B. Kim, T. T. Luu, W.-K. Lee, D.-H. Yu, J. Park, C. Y. Park, T. J. Yu, and C. H. Nam, “Frequency-domain performance of a femtosecond laser with carrier-envelope phase stabilized by the direct locking method,” Appl. Phys. B 104(4), 793–797 (2011).
[Crossref]

Yu, T. J.

J.-H. Lee, E. B. Kim, T. T. Luu, W.-K. Lee, D.-H. Yu, J. Park, C. Y. Park, T. J. Yu, and C. H. Nam, “Frequency-domain performance of a femtosecond laser with carrier-envelope phase stabilized by the direct locking method,” Appl. Phys. B 104(4), 793–797 (2011).
[Crossref]

Y. S. Lee, J. H. Sung, C. H. Nam, T. J. Yu, and K.-H. Hong, “Novel method for carrier-envelope-phase stabilization of femtosecond laser pulses,” Opt. Express 13(8), 2969–2976 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zrost, K.

M. Kreß, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, “Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 327–331 (2006).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. B (1)

J.-H. Lee, E. B. Kim, T. T. Luu, W.-K. Lee, D.-H. Yu, J. Park, C. Y. Park, T. J. Yu, and C. H. Nam, “Frequency-domain performance of a femtosecond laser with carrier-envelope phase stabilized by the direct locking method,” Appl. Phys. B 104(4), 793–797 (2011).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (1)

T. Yasui, K. Minoshima, and H. Matsumoto, “Stabilization of femtosecond mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser for high-accuracy pulse interferometry,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37(1), 12–19 (2001).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

S. Diddams, “The evolving optical frequency comb,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27(11), B51–B62 (2010).
[Crossref]

Laser Photon. Rev. (1)

J. Kim and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond-precision ultrafast photonics,” Laser Photon. Rev. 4(3), 432–456 (2010).
[Crossref]

Meas. Sci. Technol. (1)

J. Lee, K. Lee, S. Lee, S.-W. Kim, and Y.-J. Kim, “High precision laser ranging by time-of-flight measurement of femtosecond pulses,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 23(6), 065203 (2012).
[Crossref]

Nat. Photonics (6)

J. Kim, J. A. Cox, J. Chen, and F. X. Kärtner, “Drift-free femtosecond timing synchronization of remote optical and microwave sources,” Nat. Photonics 2(12), 733–736 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. Lee, Y.-J. Kim, K. Lee, S. Lee, and S.-W. Kim, “Time-of-flight measurement with femtosecond light pulses,” Nat. Photonics 4(10), 716–720 (2010).
[Crossref]

A. J. Benedick, J. G. Fujimoto, and F. X. Kartner, “Optical flywheels with attosecond jitter,” Nat. Photonics 6(2), 97–100 (2012).
[Crossref]

S.-W. Kim, “Metrology: Combs rule,” Nat. Photonics 3(6), 313–314 (2009).
[Crossref]

N. R. Newbury, “Searching for applications with a fine-tooth comb,” Nat. Photonics 5(4), 186–188 (2011).
[Crossref]

S. Koke, C. Grebing, H. Frei, A. Anderson, A. Assion, and G. Steinmeyer, “Direct frequency comb synthesis with arbitrary offset and shot-noise-limited phase noise,” Nat. Photonics 4(7), 462–465 (2010).
[Crossref]

Nat. Phys. (3)

P. B. Corkum and F. Krausz, “Attosecond science,” Nat. Phys. 3(6), 381–387 (2007).
[Crossref]

T. Wittmann, B. Horvath, W. Helml, M. G. Schatzel, X. Gu, A. L. Cavalier, G. G. Paulus, and R. Kienberger, “Single-shot carrier-envelope phase measurement of few-cycle laser pulses,” Nat. Phys. 5(5), 357–362 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. Kreß, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, “Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 327–331 (2006).
[Crossref]

Nature (1)

T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, “Optical frequency metrology,” Nature 416(6877), 233–237 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Express (4)

Y. S. Lee, J. H. Sung, C. H. Nam, T. J. Yu, and K.-H. Hong, “Novel method for carrier-envelope-phase stabilization of femtosecond laser pulses,” Opt. Express 13(8), 2969–2976 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. B. Kim, J.-H. Lee, W.-K. Lee, T. T. Luu, and C. H. Nam, “Long-term maintenance of the carrier-envelope phase coherence of a femtosecond laser,” Opt. Express 18(25), 26365–26372 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Hartl, G. Imeshev, M. E. Fermann, C. Langrock, and M. M. Fejer, “Integrated self-referenced frequency-comb laser based on a combination of fiber and waveguide technology,” Opt. Express 13(17), 6490–6496 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T.-A. Liu, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, “Sub-micron absolute distance measurements in sub-millisecond times with dual free-running femtosecond Er fiber-lasers,” Opt. Express 19(19), 18501–18509 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (7)

T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Kim, J. Chen, J. Cox, and F. X. Kärtner, “Attosecond-resolution timing jitter characterization of free-running mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 32(24), 3519–3521 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Fuji, J. Rauschenberger, A. Apolonski, V. S. Yakovlev, G. Tempea, T. Udem, C. Gohle, T. W. Hänsch, W. Lehnert, M. Scherer, and F. Krausz, “Monolithic carrier-envelope phase-stabilization scheme,” Opt. Lett. 30(3), 332–334 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Fuji, A. Apolonski, and F. Krausz, “Self-stabilization of carrier-envelope offset phase by use of difference-frequency generation,” Opt. Lett. 29(6), 632–634 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Borchers, S. Koke, A. Husakou, J. Herrmann, and G. Steinmeyer, “Carrier-envelope phase stabilization with sub-10 as residual timing jitter,” Opt. Lett. 36(21), 4146–4148 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Xu, Ch. Spielmann, A. Poppe, T. Brabec, F. Krausz, and T. W. Hänsch, “Route to phase control of ultrashort light pulses,” Opt. Lett. 21(24), 2008–2010 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. R. Schibli, K. Minoshima, F.-L. Hong, H. Inaba, A. Onae, H. Matsumoto, I. Hartl, and M. E. Fermann, “Frequency metrology with a turnkey all-fiber system,” Opt. Lett. 29(21), 2467–2469 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. A (1)

N. G. Johnson, O. Herrwerth, A. Wirth, S. De, I. Ben-Itzhak, M. Lezius, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, A. Senftleben, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, K. J. Betsch, R. R. Jones, A. M. Sayler, T. Rathje, K. Rühle, W. Müller, and G. G. Paulus, “Single-shot carrier-envelope-phase-tagged ion-momentum imaging of nonsequential double ionization of argon in intense 4-fs laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 83(1), 013412 (2011).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

A. Baltuška, T. Fuji, and T. Kobayashi, “Controlling the carrier-envelope phase of ultrashort light pulses with optical parametric amplifiers,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(13), 133901 (2002).
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Rev. Mod. Phys. (1)

F. Krausz and M. Ivanov, “Attosecond physics,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 163–234 (2009).
[Crossref]

Science (1)

D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–639 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (1)

J. A. Cox, J. Kim, J. Chen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Long-term stable timing distribution of an ultrafast optical pulse train over multiple fiber links with polarization maintaining output,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper CTuS1.
[Crossref]

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Figures (6)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Time-domain stabilization of femtosecond light pulses. (a) The relative phase between the carrier (solid red line) and the pulse envelope (dotted blue line) evolves from pulse to pulse by the CEP, φ without active stabilization. (b) Detection of the group and phase velocity of femtosecond pulses by optical cross-correlations: BXCOR and IXCOR. Abbreviations are PBS: polarization beam splitter, BS: beam splitter, and M: mirror. Yellow arrows designate lock points.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 System layout to stabilize the CEP of an Er-doped fiber femtosecond laser in the time-domain. The time-domain CEP stabilization unit includes an Er-doped femtosecond laser, an unbalanced interferometer, a BXCOR, and an IXCOR. Abbreviations are AOM: acousto-optic modulator, BS: beam splitter, PBS: polarization beam splitter, M: mirror, QWP: quarter-wave plate, PZT: piezo-electric actuator, HWP: half-wave plate, DM: dichroic mirror, PPKTP: periodically poled KTiOPO4, BD: balanced detector, LP: low-pass filter, and PMF: polarization-maintaining fiber.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 BXCOR and IXCOR signals while scanning the time delay. (a) BXCOR signal for pulse envelope control. (b) IXCOR signal for carrier electric field control.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Measured in-loop timing jitters with BXCOR control; (a-1) time trace and (a-2) spectral density. Measured in-loop optical phase from the IXCOR control; (b-1) time trace, (b-2) spectral density.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Comparative measurement between the interferometric stabilized frequency comb and a cavity-stabilized cw reference laser. (a) Schematic of the setup . (b) Experimental configuration. (c) Time variation of the offset frequency measured from the interferometric phase as frδφIXCOR/2π (red line) and the actual offset frequency measured through the heterodyne signal against the reference cw laser (black line). Green line shows a time trace of locked fCEO by the proposed method. Abbreviations are BF: bandpass filter, P: polarizer, and PD: photo-detector.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Allan deviation of the out-of-loop performance of the carrier-envelope offset frequency, normalized to the optical carrier, for the unstablized frequency comb (red) and with the time-domain CEP stabilization (green).

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Equations (4)

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E( t )= e −iωt ∑ m e imφ e iωm T r a( t−m T r )
I( τ )= I AC ( τ ) e −i( ωτ+4φ )
φ IXCOR =ωτ+4φ+ θ D
δφ=( ωδτ−δ φ IXCOR )/4.

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