Surface-plasmon-enhanced microcavity organic light-emitting diodes

Hongmei Zhang; Shufen Chen; Dewei Zhao

doi:10.1364/OE.22.0A1776

Surface-plasmon-enhanced microcavity organic light-emitting diodes

Hongmei Zhang, Shufen Chen, and Dewei Zhao

Optics Express
Vol. 22,
Issue S7,
pp. A1776-A1782
(2014)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.0A1776

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Hongmei Zhang, Shufen Chen, and Dewei Zhao, "Surface-plasmon-enhanced microcavity organic light-emitting diodes," Opt. Express 22, A1776-A1782 (2014)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Light-emitting Diodes
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Light-emitting diodes (230.3670)
- Plasmonics (250.5403)
- Thin film devices and applications (310.6845)
- Deposition and fabrication (310.1860)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: July 28, 2014
- Revised Manuscript: October 13, 2014
- Manuscript Accepted: October 24, 2014
- Published: November 10, 2014

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

Efficiency enhancement of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) can be obtained by the combination of microcavity effect and Au nanoparticles based surface plasmons. Au nanoparticles are thermally deposited on distributed Bragg reflector (DBR)-coated glass substrate, leading to realization of microcavity effect and localized surface plasmon effect. Our results show the current efficiency of OLEDs with DBR/Au nanoparticles as anode is increased by 72% compared to that with ITO as anode.

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References

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Author
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Publication

C. W. Tang and S. A. Vanslyke, “Organic Electroluminescent Diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 51(12), 913–915 (1987).
[Crossref]
Q. Wang, J. Ding, D. Ma, Y. Cheng, L. Wang, X. Jing, and F. Wang, “Harvesting Excitons Via Two Parallel Channels for Efficient White Organic LEDs with Nearly 100% Internal Quantum Efficiency: Fabrication and Emission-Mechanism Analysis,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 19(1), 84–95 (2009).
[Crossref]
G. He, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, M. Hofmann, J. Birnstock, R. Pudzich, and J. Salbeck, “High-efficiency and low-voltage p‐i‐n electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with double-emission layers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(17), 3911–3913 (2004).
[Crossref]
Z. Q. Zhang, Y. P. Liu, Y. F. Dai, J. S. Chen, D. G. Ma, and H. M. Zhang, “High-Efficiency Phosphorescent White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Stable Emission Spectrum Based on RGB Separately Monochromatic Emission Layers,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 31(4), 046801 (2014).
[Crossref]
Y.-J. Pu, G. Nakata, F. Satoh, H. Sasabe, D. Yokoyama, and J. Kido, “Optimizing the Charge Balance of Fluorescent Organic Light-Emitting Devices to Achieve High External Quantum Efficiency Beyond the Conventional Upper Limit,” Adv. Mater. 24(13), 1765–1770 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
D. Wood, Optoelectronic Semiconductor Devices (Prentice-Hall, London, 1997).
S. Mladenovski, K. Neyts, D. Pavicic, A. Werner, and C. Rothe, “Exceptionally efficient organic light emitting devices using high refractive index substrates,” Opt. Express 17(9), 7562–7570 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
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[Crossref]
J. M. D. Teresa, M. R. Ibarra, P. A. Algarabel, C. Ritter, C. Marquina, J. Blasco, J. Garcia, A. del Moral, and Z. Arnold, “Evidence for magnetic polarons in the magnetoresistive perovskites,” Nature 386(6622), 256–259 (1997).
[Crossref]
B. Masenelli, A. Gagnaire, L. Berthelot, J. Tardy, and J. Joseph, “Controlled spontaneous emission of a tri(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum layer in a microcavity,” J. Appl. Phys. 85(6), 3032–3037 (1999).
[Crossref]
V. Bulović, V. B. Khalfin, G. Gu, P. E. Burrows, D. Z. Garbuzov, and S. R. Forrest, “Weak microcavity effects in organic light-emitting devices,” Phys. Rev. B 58(7), 3730–3740 (1998).
[Crossref]
I. Schnitzer, E. Yablonovitch, C. Caneau, T. J. Gmitter, and A. Scherer, “30% external quantum efficiency from surface textured, thin‐film light‐emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 63(16), 2174–2176 (1993).
[Crossref]
T. Yamasaki, K. Sumioka, and T. Tsutsui, “Organic light-emitting device with an ordered monolayer of silica microspheres as a scattering medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(10), 1243–1245 (2000).
[Crossref]
A. Dodabalapur, L. J. Rothberg, R. H. Jordan, T. M. Miller, R. E. Slusher, and J. M. Phillips, “Physics and applications of organic microcavity light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 80(12), 6954–6964 (1996).
[Crossref]
H. J. Peng, M. Wong, and H. S. Kwok, “P-78: Design and Characterization of Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Microcavity Structure,” SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers34, 516–519 (2003).
[Crossref]
H. Zhang, H. You, W. Wang, J. Shi, S. Guo, M. Liu, and D. Ma, “Organic white-light-emitting devices based on a multimode resonant microcavity,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 21(8), 1094–1097 (2006).
[Crossref]
D. M. Koller, A. Hohenau, H. Ditlbacher, N. Galler, F. Reil, F. R. Aussenegg, A. Leitner, E. J. W. List, and J. R. Krenn, “Organic plasmon-emitting diode,” Nat. Photonics 2(11), 684–687 (2008).
[Crossref]
A. Fujiki, T. Uemura, N. Zettsu, M. Akai-Kasaya, A. Saito, and Y. Kuwahara, “Enhanced fluorescence by surface plasmon coupling of Au nanoparticles in an organic electroluminescence diode,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(4), 043307 (2010).
[Crossref]
D. K. Gifford and D. G. Hall, “Emission through one of two metal electrodes of an organic light-emitting diode via surface-plasmon cross coupling,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(23), 4315–4317 (2002).
[Crossref]
M.-K. Kwon, J.-Y. Kim, B.-H. Kim, I.-K. Park, C.-Y. Cho, C. C. Byeon, and S.-J. Park, “Surface-Plasmon-Enhanced Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Mater. 20(7), 1253–1257 (2008).
[Crossref]
D. M. Koller, A. Hohenau, H. Ditlbacher, N. Galler, F. R. Aussenegg, A. Leitner, J. R. Krenn, S. Eder, S. Sax, and E. J. W. List, “Surface plasmon coupled electroluminescent emission,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(10), 103304 (2008).
[Crossref]
Y. Zhang, K. Aslan, M. J. R. Previte, and C. D. Geddes, “Metal-enhanced fluorescence: Surface plasmons can radiate a fluorophore’s structured emission,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(5), 053107 (2007).
[Crossref]
P. B. Catrysse and S. Fan, “Nanopatterned Metallic Films for Use As Transparent Conductive Electrodes in Optoelectronic Devices,” Nano Lett. 10(8), 2944–2949 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Zhang, H. You, J. Shi, W. Wang, S. Guo, M. Liu, and D. Ma, “Microcavity effects on emissive color and electroluminescent performance in organic light-emitting diodes,” Synth. Met. 156(14-15), 954–957 (2006).
[Crossref]
P. Yeh, Optical Wave in Layered Media (John Wiley & Sons, 1988).
C.-L. Lin, H.-W. Lin, and C.-C. Wu, “Examining microcavity organic light-emitting devices having two metal mirrors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(2), 021101 (2005).
[Crossref]
M. G. Helander, Z.-B. Wang, M. T. Greiner, Z.-W. Liu, J. Qiu, and Z.-H. Lu, “Oxidized Gold Thin Films: An Effective Material for High-Performance Flexible Organic Optoelectronics,” Adv. Mater. 22(18), 2037–2040 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
D. M. Koller, A. Hohenau, H. Ditlbacher, N. Galler, F. Reil, F. R. Aussenegg, A. Leitner, E. J. W. List, and J. R. Krenn, “Organic plasmon-emitting diode,” Nat. Photonics 2(11), 684–687 (2008).
[Crossref]
M. Furno, M. C. Gather, B. Lüssem, and K. Leo, “Coupled plasmonic modes in organic planar microcavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(25), 253301 (2012).
[Crossref]

2014 (1)

Z. Q. Zhang, Y. P. Liu, Y. F. Dai, J. S. Chen, D. G. Ma, and H. M. Zhang, “High-Efficiency Phosphorescent White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Stable Emission Spectrum Based on RGB Separately Monochromatic Emission Layers,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 31(4), 046801 (2014).
[Crossref]

2012 (2)

Y.-J. Pu, G. Nakata, F. Satoh, H. Sasabe, D. Yokoyama, and J. Kido, “Optimizing the Charge Balance of Fluorescent Organic Light-Emitting Devices to Achieve High External Quantum Efficiency Beyond the Conventional Upper Limit,” Adv. Mater. 24(13), 1765–1770 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Furno, M. C. Gather, B. Lüssem, and K. Leo, “Coupled plasmonic modes in organic planar microcavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(25), 253301 (2012).
[Crossref]

2010 (3)

P. B. Catrysse and S. Fan, “Nanopatterned Metallic Films for Use As Transparent Conductive Electrodes in Optoelectronic Devices,” Nano Lett. 10(8), 2944–2949 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. G. Helander, Z.-B. Wang, M. T. Greiner, Z.-W. Liu, J. Qiu, and Z.-H. Lu, “Oxidized Gold Thin Films: An Effective Material for High-Performance Flexible Organic Optoelectronics,” Adv. Mater. 22(18), 2037–2040 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Fujiki, T. Uemura, N. Zettsu, M. Akai-Kasaya, A. Saito, and Y. Kuwahara, “Enhanced fluorescence by surface plasmon coupling of Au nanoparticles in an organic electroluminescence diode,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(4), 043307 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (2)

S. Mladenovski, K. Neyts, D. Pavicic, A. Werner, and C. Rothe, “Exceptionally efficient organic light emitting devices using high refractive index substrates,” Opt. Express 17(9), 7562–7570 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Wang, J. Ding, D. Ma, Y. Cheng, L. Wang, X. Jing, and F. Wang, “Harvesting Excitons Via Two Parallel Channels for Efficient White Organic LEDs with Nearly 100% Internal Quantum Efficiency: Fabrication and Emission-Mechanism Analysis,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 19(1), 84–95 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (4)

M.-K. Kwon, J.-Y. Kim, B.-H. Kim, I.-K. Park, C.-Y. Cho, C. C. Byeon, and S.-J. Park, “Surface-Plasmon-Enhanced Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Mater. 20(7), 1253–1257 (2008).
[Crossref]

D. M. Koller, A. Hohenau, H. Ditlbacher, N. Galler, F. R. Aussenegg, A. Leitner, J. R. Krenn, S. Eder, S. Sax, and E. J. W. List, “Surface plasmon coupled electroluminescent emission,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(10), 103304 (2008).
[Crossref]

D. M. Koller, A. Hohenau, H. Ditlbacher, N. Galler, F. Reil, F. R. Aussenegg, A. Leitner, E. J. W. List, and J. R. Krenn, “Organic plasmon-emitting diode,” Nat. Photonics 2(11), 684–687 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

Y. Zhang, K. Aslan, M. J. R. Previte, and C. D. Geddes, “Metal-enhanced fluorescence: Surface plasmons can radiate a fluorophore’s structured emission,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(5), 053107 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (2)

H. Zhang, H. You, W. Wang, J. Shi, S. Guo, M. Liu, and D. Ma, “Organic white-light-emitting devices based on a multimode resonant microcavity,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 21(8), 1094–1097 (2006).
[Crossref]

H. Zhang, H. You, J. Shi, W. Wang, S. Guo, M. Liu, and D. Ma, “Microcavity effects on emissive color and electroluminescent performance in organic light-emitting diodes,” Synth. Met. 156(14-15), 954–957 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

C.-L. Lin, H.-W. Lin, and C.-C. Wu, “Examining microcavity organic light-emitting devices having two metal mirrors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(2), 021101 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

G. He, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, M. Hofmann, J. Birnstock, R. Pudzich, and J. Salbeck, “High-efficiency and low-voltage p‐i‐n electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with double-emission layers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(17), 3911–3913 (2004).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

D. K. Gifford and D. G. Hall, “Emission through one of two metal electrodes of an organic light-emitting diode via surface-plasmon cross coupling,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(23), 4315–4317 (2002).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

T. Yamasaki, K. Sumioka, and T. Tsutsui, “Organic light-emitting device with an ordered monolayer of silica microspheres as a scattering medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(10), 1243–1245 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (2)

B. Masenelli, A. Gagnaire, L. Berthelot, J. Tardy, and J. Joseph, “Controlled spontaneous emission of a tri(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum layer in a microcavity,” J. Appl. Phys. 85(6), 3032–3037 (1999).
[Crossref]

R. Windisch, P. Heremans, A. Knobloch, P. Kiesel, G. H. Döhler, B. Dutta, and G. Borghs, “Light-emitting diodes with 31% external quantum efficiency by outcoupling of lateral waveguide modes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(16), 2256–2258 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

V. Bulović, V. B. Khalfin, G. Gu, P. E. Burrows, D. Z. Garbuzov, and S. R. Forrest, “Weak microcavity effects in organic light-emitting devices,” Phys. Rev. B 58(7), 3730–3740 (1998).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

J. M. D. Teresa, M. R. Ibarra, P. A. Algarabel, C. Ritter, C. Marquina, J. Blasco, J. Garcia, A. del Moral, and Z. Arnold, “Evidence for magnetic polarons in the magnetoresistive perovskites,” Nature 386(6622), 256–259 (1997).
[Crossref]

1996 (1)

A. Dodabalapur, L. J. Rothberg, R. H. Jordan, T. M. Miller, R. E. Slusher, and J. M. Phillips, “Physics and applications of organic microcavity light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 80(12), 6954–6964 (1996).
[Crossref]

1993 (1)

I. Schnitzer, E. Yablonovitch, C. Caneau, T. J. Gmitter, and A. Scherer, “30% external quantum efficiency from surface textured, thin‐film light‐emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 63(16), 2174–2176 (1993).
[Crossref]

1987 (1)

C. W. Tang and S. A. Vanslyke, “Organic Electroluminescent Diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 51(12), 913–915 (1987).
[Crossref]

Akai-Kasaya, M.

Algarabel, P. A.

Arnold, Z.

Aslan, K.

Aussenegg, F. R.

Berthelot, L.

Birnstock, J.

Blasco, J.

Borghs, G.

Bulovic, V.

Burrows, P. E.

Byeon, C. C.

M.-K. Kwon, J.-Y. Kim, B.-H. Kim, I.-K. Park, C.-Y. Cho, C. C. Byeon, and S.-J. Park, “Surface-Plasmon-Enhanced Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Mater. 20(7), 1253–1257 (2008).
[Crossref]

Caneau, C.

Catrysse, P. B.

P. B. Catrysse and S. Fan, “Nanopatterned Metallic Films for Use As Transparent Conductive Electrodes in Optoelectronic Devices,” Nano Lett. 10(8), 2944–2949 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, J. S.

Cheng, Y.

Cho, C.-Y.

M.-K. Kwon, J.-Y. Kim, B.-H. Kim, I.-K. Park, C.-Y. Cho, C. C. Byeon, and S.-J. Park, “Surface-Plasmon-Enhanced Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Mater. 20(7), 1253–1257 (2008).
[Crossref]

Dai, Y. F.

del Moral, A.

Ding, J.

Ditlbacher, H.

Dodabalapur, A.

Döhler, G. H.

Dutta, B.

Eder, S.

Fan, S.

P. B. Catrysse and S. Fan, “Nanopatterned Metallic Films for Use As Transparent Conductive Electrodes in Optoelectronic Devices,” Nano Lett. 10(8), 2944–2949 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Forrest, S. R.

Fujiki, A.

Furno, M.

M. Furno, M. C. Gather, B. Lüssem, and K. Leo, “Coupled plasmonic modes in organic planar microcavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(25), 253301 (2012).
[Crossref]

Gagnaire, A.

Galler, N.

Garbuzov, D. Z.

Garcia, J.

Gather, M. C.

M. Furno, M. C. Gather, B. Lüssem, and K. Leo, “Coupled plasmonic modes in organic planar microcavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(25), 253301 (2012).
[Crossref]

Geddes, C. D.

Gifford, D. K.

Gmitter, T. J.

Greiner, M. T.

Gu, G.

Guo, S.

Hall, D. G.

He, G.

Helander, M. G.

Heremans, P.

Hofmann, M.

Hohenau, A.

Ibarra, M. R.

Jing, X.

Jordan, R. H.

Joseph, J.

Khalfin, V. B.

Kido, J.

Kiesel, P.

Kim, B.-H.

M.-K. Kwon, J.-Y. Kim, B.-H. Kim, I.-K. Park, C.-Y. Cho, C. C. Byeon, and S.-J. Park, “Surface-Plasmon-Enhanced Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Mater. 20(7), 1253–1257 (2008).
[Crossref]

Kim, J.-Y.

M.-K. Kwon, J.-Y. Kim, B.-H. Kim, I.-K. Park, C.-Y. Cho, C. C. Byeon, and S.-J. Park, “Surface-Plasmon-Enhanced Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Mater. 20(7), 1253–1257 (2008).
[Crossref]

Knobloch, A.

Koller, D. M.

Krenn, J. R.

Kuwahara, Y.

Kwok, H. S.

H. J. Peng, M. Wong, and H. S. Kwok, “P-78: Design and Characterization of Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Microcavity Structure,” SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers34, 516–519 (2003).
[Crossref]

Kwon, M.-K.

M.-K. Kwon, J.-Y. Kim, B.-H. Kim, I.-K. Park, C.-Y. Cho, C. C. Byeon, and S.-J. Park, “Surface-Plasmon-Enhanced Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Mater. 20(7), 1253–1257 (2008).
[Crossref]

Leitner, A.

Leo, K.

M. Furno, M. C. Gather, B. Lüssem, and K. Leo, “Coupled plasmonic modes in organic planar microcavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(25), 253301 (2012).
[Crossref]

Lin, C.-L.

C.-L. Lin, H.-W. Lin, and C.-C. Wu, “Examining microcavity organic light-emitting devices having two metal mirrors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(2), 021101 (2005).
[Crossref]

Lin, H.-W.

C.-L. Lin, H.-W. Lin, and C.-C. Wu, “Examining microcavity organic light-emitting devices having two metal mirrors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(2), 021101 (2005).
[Crossref]

List, E. J. W.

Liu, M.

Liu, Y. P.

Liu, Z.-W.

Lu, Z.-H.

Lüssem, B.

M. Furno, M. C. Gather, B. Lüssem, and K. Leo, “Coupled plasmonic modes in organic planar microcavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(25), 253301 (2012).
[Crossref]

Ma, D.

Ma, D. G.

Marquina, C.

Masenelli, B.

Miller, T. M.

Mladenovski, S.

Nakata, G.

Neyts, K.

Park, I.-K.

M.-K. Kwon, J.-Y. Kim, B.-H. Kim, I.-K. Park, C.-Y. Cho, C. C. Byeon, and S.-J. Park, “Surface-Plasmon-Enhanced Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Mater. 20(7), 1253–1257 (2008).
[Crossref]

Park, S.-J.

M.-K. Kwon, J.-Y. Kim, B.-H. Kim, I.-K. Park, C.-Y. Cho, C. C. Byeon, and S.-J. Park, “Surface-Plasmon-Enhanced Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Mater. 20(7), 1253–1257 (2008).
[Crossref]

Pavicic, D.

Peng, H. J.

Pfeiffer, M.

Phillips, J. M.

Previte, M. J. R.

Pu, Y.-J.

Pudzich, R.

Qiu, J.

Reil, F.

Ritter, C.

Rothberg, L. J.

Rothe, C.

Saito, A.

Salbeck, J.

Sasabe, H.

Satoh, F.

Sax, S.

Scherer, A.

Schnitzer, I.

Shi, J.

Slusher, R. E.

Sumioka, K.

Tang, C. W.

C. W. Tang and S. A. Vanslyke, “Organic Electroluminescent Diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 51(12), 913–915 (1987).
[Crossref]

Tardy, J.

Teresa, J. M. D.

Tsutsui, T.

Uemura, T.

Vanslyke, S. A.

C. W. Tang and S. A. Vanslyke, “Organic Electroluminescent Diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 51(12), 913–915 (1987).
[Crossref]

Wang, F.

Wang, L.

Wang, Q.

Wang, W.

Wang, Z.-B.

Werner, A.

Windisch, R.

Wong, M.

Wu, C.-C.

C.-L. Lin, H.-W. Lin, and C.-C. Wu, “Examining microcavity organic light-emitting devices having two metal mirrors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(2), 021101 (2005).
[Crossref]

Yablonovitch, E.

Yamasaki, T.

Yokoyama, D.

You, H.

Zettsu, N.

Zhang, H.

Zhang, H. M.

Zhang, Y.

Zhang, Z. Q.

Adv. Funct. Mater. (1)

Adv. Mater. (3)

M.-K. Kwon, J.-Y. Kim, B.-H. Kim, I.-K. Park, C.-Y. Cho, C. C. Byeon, and S.-J. Park, “Surface-Plasmon-Enhanced Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Mater. 20(7), 1253–1257 (2008).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (11)

M. Furno, M. C. Gather, B. Lüssem, and K. Leo, “Coupled plasmonic modes in organic planar microcavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(25), 253301 (2012).
[Crossref]

C.-L. Lin, H.-W. Lin, and C.-C. Wu, “Examining microcavity organic light-emitting devices having two metal mirrors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(2), 021101 (2005).
[Crossref]

C. W. Tang and S. A. Vanslyke, “Organic Electroluminescent Diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 51(12), 913–915 (1987).
[Crossref]

Chin. Phys. Lett. (1)

J. Appl. Phys. (2)

Nano Lett. (1)

P. B. Catrysse and S. Fan, “Nanopatterned Metallic Films for Use As Transparent Conductive Electrodes in Optoelectronic Devices,” Nano Lett. 10(8), 2944–2949 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Photonics (2)

Nature (1)

Opt. Express (1)

Phys. Rev. B (1)

Semicond. Sci. Technol. (1)

Synth. Met. (1)

Other (4)

P. Yeh, Optical Wave in Layered Media (John Wiley & Sons, 1988).

A. A. Bergh and R. H. Saul, (U.S. Patent., 1973), pp. 3(739), 217.

D. Wood, Optoelectronic Semiconductor Devices (Prentice-Hall, London, 1997).

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Fig. 1 (a) Experimental and calculated transmittance spectra of DBR only, DBR/ITO, Au NPs only, and DBR/Au NPs. (b) Absorbance of ITO and Au NPs on ITO. The inset shows the normalized EL spectrum of Alq₃ emission.

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Fig. 2 AFM images of (a) glass substrate and (b) DBR substrate covered with Au nanoparticles layer.

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Fig. 3 Schematic of (a) microcavity device structure of devices A and B, (b) devices C and D.

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Fig. 4 (a) J-V and L-V, and (b) Current efficiency – current density of OLEDs with DBR/Au (device A), DBR/ITO (device B), Au (device C), and ITO (device D) as the anode.

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Fig. 5 Normalized EL spectra of (a) device A (DBR/Au) and (b) device B (DBR/ITO) at different viewing angles.

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Equations (1)

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G_{e} = \frac{T_{2} [1 + R_{1} + 2 \sqrt{R_{1}} \cos (\frac{4 π L_{1}}{λ})]}{(1 - \sqrt{R_{1} R_{2}}) \cos (\frac{4 π L}{λ})} \frac{τ_{c a v}}{τ}