Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy enhanced by a micro torch

L. Liu; X. Huang; S. Li; Yao Lu; K. Chen; L. Jiang; J.F. Silvain; Y.F. Lu

doi:10.1364/OE.23.015047

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy enhanced by a micro torch

L. Liu, X. Huang, S. Li, Yao Lu, K. Chen, L. Jiang, J.F. Silvain, and Y.F. Lu

Optics Express
Vol. 23,
Issue 11,
pp. 15047-15056
(2015)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.015047

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L. Liu, X. Huang, S. Li, Yao Lu, K. Chen, L. Jiang, J.F. Silvain, and Y.F. Lu, "Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy enhanced by a micro torch," Opt. Express 23, 15047-15056 (2015)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Spectroscopy
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Plasmas (350.5400)
- Spectroscopy, laser induced breakdown (300.6365)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: April 3, 2015
- Revised Manuscript: May 9, 2015
- Manuscript Accepted: May 19, 2015
- Published: May 29, 2015

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

A commercial butane micron troch was used to enhance plasma optical emissions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Fast imaging and spectroscopic analyses were used to observe plasma evolution in the atmospheric pressure for LIBS without and with using a micro torch. Optical emission intensities and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) as functions of delay time were studied. Enhanced optical emission and SNRs were obtained by using a micro torch. The effects of laser pulse energy on the emission intensities and SNRs were studied. The same spectral intensity could be obtained using micro torch with much lower laser pulse energy. The investigation of SNR evolution with delay time at different laser pulse energies showed that the SNR enhancement factor is higher for plasmas generated by lower laser pulse energies than those generated by higher laser energies. The calibration curves of emission line intensities with elemental concentrations showed that detection sensitivities of Mn I 404.136 nm and V I 437.923 nm were improved by around 3 times. The limits of detection for both Mn I 404.136 nm and V I 437.923 nm are reduced from 425 and 42 ppm to 139 and 20 ppm, respectively, after using the micro torch. The LIBS system with micro torch was demonstrated to be cost-effective, compact, and capable of sensitivity improvement, especially for LIBS system operating with low laser pulse energy.

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References

View by:
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|
Year
|
Author
|
Publication

R. Noll, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (Springer, 2012).
A. W. Miziolek, V. Palleschi, and I. Schechter, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) (Cambridge University Press Cambridge, 2006).
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V. I. Babushok, F. C. DeLucia, J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, “Double pulse laser ablation and plasma: Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy signal enhancement,” Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 61(9), 999–1014 (2006).
[Crossref]
R. W. Coons, S. S. Harilal, S. M. Hassan, and A. Hassanein, “The importance of longer wavelength reheating in dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 107(3), 873–880 (2012).
[Crossref]
J. Scaffidi, J. Pender, W. Pearman, S. R. Goode, B. W. Colston, J. C. Carter, and S. M. Angel, “Dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with combinations of femtosecond and nanosecond laser pulses,” Appl. Opt. 42(30), 6099–6106 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
W. Zhou, K. Li, X. Li, H. Qian, J. Shao, X. Fang, P. Xie, and W. Liu, “Development of a nanosecond discharge-enhanced laser plasma spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 36(15), 2961–2963 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
W. Zhou, K. Li, Q. Shen, Q. Chen, and J. Long, “Optical emission enhancement using laser ablation combined with fast pulse discharge,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2573–2578 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. A. Liu, M. Baudelet, and M. Richardson, “Elemental analysis by microwave-assisted laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: evaluation on ceramics,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 25(8), 1316–1323 (2010).
[Crossref]
M. Tampo, M. Miyabe, K. Akaoka, M. Oba, H. Ohba, Y. Maruyama, and I. Wakaida, “Enhancement of intensity in microwave-assisted laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for remote analysis of nuclear fuel recycling,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 29(5), 886–892 (2014).
[Crossref]
R. Sanginés, H. Sobral, and E. Alvarez-Zauco, “Emission enhancement in laser-produced plasmas on preheated targets,” Appl. Phys. B 108(4), 867–873 (2012).
[Crossref]
L. B. Guo, W. Hu, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Enhancement of optical emission from laser-induced plasmas by combined spatial and magnetic confinement,” Opt. Express 19(15), 14067–14075 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
L. B. Guo, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, T. Wu, J. B. Park, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Optimally enhanced optical emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy by combining spatial confinement and dual-pulse irradiation,” Opt. Express 20(2), 1436–1443 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
X. K. Shen, Y. F. Lu, T. Gebre, H. Ling, and Y. X. Han, “Optical emission in magnetically confined laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Phys. 100(5), 053303 (2006).
[Crossref]
X. K. Shen, J. Sun, H. Ling, and Y. F. Lu, “Spatial confinement effects in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 081501 (2007).
[Crossref]
L. Liu, S. Li, X. N. He, X. Huang, C. F. Zhang, L. S. Fan, M. X. Wang, Y. S. Zhou, K. Chen, L. Jiang, J. F. Silvain, and Y. F. Lu, “Flame-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 22(7), 7686–7693 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. D. Ingle and S. R. Crouch, Spectrochemical Analysis (Prentice-Hall, 1988).
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Q. Zeng, L. Guo, X. Li, C. He, M. Shen, K. Li, J. Duan, X. Zeng, and Y. Lu, “Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using laser pulses delivered by optical fibers for analyzing Mn and Ti elements in pig iron,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 30(2), 403–409 (2015).
[Crossref]
D. A. Cremers, F. Y. Yueh, J. P. Singh, and H. Zhang, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Elemental Analysis (Wiley Online Library, 2006).

2015 (1)

Q. Zeng, L. Guo, X. Li, C. He, M. Shen, K. Li, J. Duan, X. Zeng, and Y. Lu, “Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using laser pulses delivered by optical fibers for analyzing Mn and Ti elements in pig iron,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 30(2), 403–409 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (2)

L. Liu, S. Li, X. N. He, X. Huang, C. F. Zhang, L. S. Fan, M. X. Wang, Y. S. Zhou, K. Chen, L. Jiang, J. F. Silvain, and Y. F. Lu, “Flame-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 22(7), 7686–7693 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Tampo, M. Miyabe, K. Akaoka, M. Oba, H. Ohba, Y. Maruyama, and I. Wakaida, “Enhancement of intensity in microwave-assisted laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for remote analysis of nuclear fuel recycling,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 29(5), 886–892 (2014).
[Crossref]

2012 (3)

R. Sanginés, H. Sobral, and E. Alvarez-Zauco, “Emission enhancement in laser-produced plasmas on preheated targets,” Appl. Phys. B 108(4), 867–873 (2012).
[Crossref]

L. B. Guo, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, T. Wu, J. B. Park, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Optimally enhanced optical emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy by combining spatial confinement and dual-pulse irradiation,” Opt. Express 20(2), 1436–1443 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. W. Coons, S. S. Harilal, S. M. Hassan, and A. Hassanein, “The importance of longer wavelength reheating in dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 107(3), 873–880 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (2)

W. Zhou, K. Li, X. Li, H. Qian, J. Shao, X. Fang, P. Xie, and W. Liu, “Development of a nanosecond discharge-enhanced laser plasma spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 36(15), 2961–2963 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. B. Guo, W. Hu, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Enhancement of optical emission from laser-induced plasmas by combined spatial and magnetic confinement,” Opt. Express 19(15), 14067–14075 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (2)

W. Zhou, K. Li, Q. Shen, Q. Chen, and J. Long, “Optical emission enhancement using laser ablation combined with fast pulse discharge,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2573–2578 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. A. Liu, M. Baudelet, and M. Richardson, “Elemental analysis by microwave-assisted laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: evaluation on ceramics,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 25(8), 1316–1323 (2010).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

X. K. Shen, J. Sun, H. Ling, and Y. F. Lu, “Spatial confinement effects in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 081501 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (2)

V. I. Babushok, F. C. DeLucia, J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, “Double pulse laser ablation and plasma: Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy signal enhancement,” Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 61(9), 999–1014 (2006).
[Crossref]

X. K. Shen, Y. F. Lu, T. Gebre, H. Ling, and Y. X. Han, “Optical emission in magnetically confined laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Phys. 100(5), 053303 (2006).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

J. Scaffidi, J. Pender, W. Pearman, S. R. Goode, B. W. Colston, J. C. Carter, and S. M. Angel, “Dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with combinations of femtosecond and nanosecond laser pulses,” Appl. Opt. 42(30), 6099–6106 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Akaoka, K.

Alvarez-Zauco, E.

R. Sanginés, H. Sobral, and E. Alvarez-Zauco, “Emission enhancement in laser-produced plasmas on preheated targets,” Appl. Phys. B 108(4), 867–873 (2012).
[Crossref]

Angel, S. M.

Babushok, V. I.

Baudelet, M.

Cai, Z. X.

Carter, J. C.

Chen, K.

Chen, Q.

W. Zhou, K. Li, Q. Shen, Q. Chen, and J. Long, “Optical emission enhancement using laser ablation combined with fast pulse discharge,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2573–2578 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Colston, B. W.

Coons, R. W.

DeLucia, F. C.

Duan, J.

Fan, L. S.

Fang, X.

Gebre, T.

X. K. Shen, Y. F. Lu, T. Gebre, H. Ling, and Y. X. Han, “Optical emission in magnetically confined laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Phys. 100(5), 053303 (2006).
[Crossref]

Goode, S. R.

Gottfried, J. L.

Guo, L.

Guo, L. B.

Han, Y. X.

X. K. Shen, Y. F. Lu, T. Gebre, H. Ling, and Y. X. Han, “Optical emission in magnetically confined laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Phys. 100(5), 053303 (2006).
[Crossref]

Harilal, S. S.

Hassan, S. M.

Hassanein, A.

He, C.

He, X. N.

Hu, W.

Huang, X.

Jiang, L.

Li, C. M.

Li, K.

W. Zhou, K. Li, Q. Shen, Q. Chen, and J. Long, “Optical emission enhancement using laser ablation combined with fast pulse discharge,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2573–2578 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, S.

Li, X.

Ling, H.

X. K. Shen, J. Sun, H. Ling, and Y. F. Lu, “Spatial confinement effects in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 081501 (2007).
[Crossref]

X. K. Shen, Y. F. Lu, T. Gebre, H. Ling, and Y. X. Han, “Optical emission in magnetically confined laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Phys. 100(5), 053303 (2006).
[Crossref]

Liu, L.

Liu, W.

Liu, Y. A.

Long, J.

W. Zhou, K. Li, Q. Shen, Q. Chen, and J. Long, “Optical emission enhancement using laser ablation combined with fast pulse discharge,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2573–2578 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lu, Y.

Lu, Y. F.

X. K. Shen, J. Sun, H. Ling, and Y. F. Lu, “Spatial confinement effects in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 081501 (2007).
[Crossref]

X. K. Shen, Y. F. Lu, T. Gebre, H. Ling, and Y. X. Han, “Optical emission in magnetically confined laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Phys. 100(5), 053303 (2006).
[Crossref]

Maruyama, Y.

Miyabe, M.

Miziolek, A. W.

Munson, C. A.

Oba, M.

Ohba, H.

Park, J. B.

Pearman, W.

Pender, J.

Qian, H.

Richardson, M.

Sanginés, R.

R. Sanginés, H. Sobral, and E. Alvarez-Zauco, “Emission enhancement in laser-produced plasmas on preheated targets,” Appl. Phys. B 108(4), 867–873 (2012).
[Crossref]

Scaffidi, J.

Shao, J.

Shen, M.

Shen, Q.

W. Zhou, K. Li, Q. Shen, Q. Chen, and J. Long, “Optical emission enhancement using laser ablation combined with fast pulse discharge,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2573–2578 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shen, X. K.

X. K. Shen, J. Sun, H. Ling, and Y. F. Lu, “Spatial confinement effects in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 081501 (2007).
[Crossref]

X. K. Shen, Y. F. Lu, T. Gebre, H. Ling, and Y. X. Han, “Optical emission in magnetically confined laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Phys. 100(5), 053303 (2006).
[Crossref]

Silvain, J. F.

Sobral, H.

R. Sanginés, H. Sobral, and E. Alvarez-Zauco, “Emission enhancement in laser-produced plasmas on preheated targets,” Appl. Phys. B 108(4), 867–873 (2012).
[Crossref]

Sun, J.

X. K. Shen, J. Sun, H. Ling, and Y. F. Lu, “Spatial confinement effects in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 081501 (2007).
[Crossref]

Tampo, M.

Wakaida, I.

Wang, M. X.

Wu, T.

Xie, P.

Zeng, Q.

Zeng, X.

Zeng, X. Y.

Zhang, B. Y.

Zhang, C. F.

Zhou, W.

W. Zhou, K. Li, Q. Shen, Q. Chen, and J. Long, “Optical emission enhancement using laser ablation combined with fast pulse discharge,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2573–2578 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhou, Y. S.

Appl. Opt. (1)

Appl. Phys. B (2)

R. Sanginés, H. Sobral, and E. Alvarez-Zauco, “Emission enhancement in laser-produced plasmas on preheated targets,” Appl. Phys. B 108(4), 867–873 (2012).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

X. K. Shen, J. Sun, H. Ling, and Y. F. Lu, “Spatial confinement effects in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 081501 (2007).
[Crossref]

J. Anal. At. Spectrom. (3)

J. Appl. Phys. (1)

X. K. Shen, Y. F. Lu, T. Gebre, H. Ling, and Y. X. Han, “Optical emission in magnetically confined laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Phys. 100(5), 053303 (2006).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (4)

W. Zhou, K. Li, Q. Shen, Q. Chen, and J. Long, “Optical emission enhancement using laser ablation combined with fast pulse discharge,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2573–2578 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (1)

Spectrochim. Acta, Part B (1)

Other (6)

R. Noll, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (Springer, 2012).

A. W. Miziolek, V. Palleschi, and I. Schechter, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) (Cambridge University Press Cambridge, 2006).

J. P. Singh and S. N. Thakur, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (Elsevier, 2007).

J. D. Ingle and S. R. Crouch, Spectrochemical Analysis (Prentice-Hall, 1988).

H. R. Griem, Spectral Line Broadening by Plasmas (Academic Press, 1974).

D. A. Cremers, F. Y. Yueh, J. P. Singh, and H. Zhang, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Elemental Analysis (Wiley Online Library, 2006).

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Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of LIBS system using a micro torch. The inserted magnified image (upper) shows the plasma position in the torch flame, in the outer flame with about 0.5 cm to the inner flame end. The magnified image (bottom) shows the micro torch position to sample.

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Fig. 2 Instant images of plasma evolution in LIBS without (top row) and with (bottom row) the micro torch (a) from 0.6 to 2.0 µs acquired with a gate width of 0.1 µs and a gate step of 0.2 µs; and (b) from 3 to 10 µs acquired with a gate width of 0.5 µs and a gate step of 1 µs.

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Fig. 3 The relationships between Mn I 404.136 nm (a) optical emission intensities and (b) signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and the delay times in the time range of 1 ~10 µs without (black curve with squared dots) and with (red curve with circle dots) the micro torch. The inserted figures show the optical emission intensity and SNR evolution in the early plasma lifetime of 0.4 ~2.2 µs. LIBS spectra from SRM 1262b without (black curve) and with (red curve) the micro torch at the delay time of (c) 2 µs and (d) 0.4 µs.

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Fig. 4 The relationships between (a) electron temperature and (b) electron density and delay times without (black squared dots) and with (red circle dots) micro torch.

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Fig. 5 (a) The relationships between Mn I 404.136 nm emission intensities and the delay times at different laser pulse energies; (b) the relationships between Mn I 404.136 nm SNR enhancement factors and the delay times at different laser pulse energies; (c) LIBS spectra without micro torch (black solid line) at a laser energy of 40 mJ and with the micro torch (red solid line) at a laser energy of 20 mJ; (d) Images of plasma without (top row) and with (bottom row) micro torch at a laser energy of 20 (left column) and 40 mJ (right column), respectively.

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Fig. 6 Calibration curves of the relationship between emission line intensities and elemental concentrations in steel samples for (a) Mn I 404.136 nm; and (b) V I 437.923 nm without (black line with squared dots) and with (red line with circle dots) the micro torch.

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Tables (3)

Table 1 Elemental concentrations (wt.%) of Mn and V in steels

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Table 2 Parameters of atomic lines used for plasma temperature calculation

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Table 3 The R-square (R²) factor, slope (S) of calibration curve and LODs of Mn and V in LIBS without and with micro torch

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Equations (3)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

ln \frac{I_{ij}}{g_{i} A_{ij}} =ln (\frac{n^{s}}{U^{s} (T)}) - \frac{E_{i}}{kT}

{Δλ}_{stark} =2ω (\frac{n_{e}}{10^{16}})

{LOD=3σ}_{B} /S

Elements	SRMs (wt %)
Elements	No. 1269	No. 1762	No. 1262b	No. C1285
V	0.004	0.200	0.041	0.150
Mn	1.350	2.000	1.050	0.332

Wavelength (nm)	Excited upper level energy $Ei$ (cm⁻¹)	Transition probability $Aij$ (s⁻¹)	Statistical weight for upper level $g_{i}$
390.295	38175.355	2.14e + 07	7
392.792	26339.696	2.60e + 06	5
393.030	26140.179	1.99e + 06	7
396.926	37162.746	2.26e + 07	7
400.524	37521.161	2.04e + 07	5
406.369	37162.746	6.65e + 07	7
407.174	37521.161	7.64e + 07	5

Elements	R²		S (counts/ppm)
Elements	Without micro torch	With micro torch	Without micro torch	With micro torch	Without micro torch		With micro torch
V	0.9564	0.9563	4.0	11.5		42		20
Mn	0.9775	0.9648	0.4	1.5		425		139

Elements	SRMs (wt %)
Elements	No. 1269	No. 1762	No. 1262b	No. C1285
V	0.004	0.200	0.041	0.150
Mn	1.350	2.000	1.050	0.332

Wavelength (nm)	Excited upper level energy $Ei$ (cm⁻¹)	Transition probability $Aij$ (s⁻¹)	Statistical weight for upper level $g_{i}$
390.295	38175.355	2.14e + 07	7
392.792	26339.696	2.60e + 06	5
393.030	26140.179	1.99e + 06	7
396.926	37162.746	2.26e + 07	7
400.524	37521.161	2.04e + 07	5
406.369	37162.746	6.65e + 07	7
407.174	37521.161	7.64e + 07	5