High-intracavity-power thin-disk laser for the alignment of molecules

Bastian Deppe; Günter Huber; Christian Kränkel; Jochen Küpper

doi:10.1364/OE.23.028491

High-intracavity-power thin-disk laser for the alignment of molecules

Bastian Deppe, Günter Huber, Christian Kränkel, and Jochen Küpper

Optics Express
Vol. 23,
Issue 22,
pp. 28491-28500
(2015)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.028491

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Bastian Deppe, Günter Huber, Christian Kränkel, and Jochen Küpper, "High-intracavity-power thin-disk laser for the alignment of molecules," Opt. Express 23, 28491-28500 (2015)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Lasers and Laser Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Stark effect (020.6580)
- Laser trapping (020.7010)
- Strong field laser physics (020.2649)
- Lasers, ytterbium (140.3615)
- Lasers, solid-state (140.3580)
- Optical resonators (140.4780)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: August 17, 2015
- Revised Manuscript: October 1, 2015
- Manuscript Accepted: October 4, 2015
- Published: October 22, 2015

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Open Access

Abstract

We propose a novel approach for strong alignment of gas-phase molecules for experiments at arbitrary repetition rates. A high-intracavity-power continuous-wave laser will provide the necessary ac electric field of 10¹⁰–10¹¹ W/cm². We demonstrate thin-disk lasers based on Yb:YAG and Yb:Lu₂O₃ in a linear high-finesse resonator providing intracavity power levels in excess of 100 kW at pump power levels on the order of 50 W. The multi-longitudinal-mode operation of this laser avoids spatial-hole burning even in a linear standing-wave resonator. The system will be scaled up as in-vacuum system to allow for the generation of fields of 10¹¹ W/cm². This system will be directly applicable for experiments at modern X-ray light sources, such as synchrotrons or free-electron lasers, which operate at various very high repetition rates. This would allow to record molecular movies through temporally resolved diffractive imaging of fixed-in-space molecules, as well as the spectroscopic investigation of combined X-ray–NIR strong-field effects of atomic and molecular systems.

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We distinguish between alignment and orientation according to the usual convention, i. e., alignment refers to fixing one or more molecular axes in space, while orientation refers to the breaking of the “up-down” symmetry along one or more axes.
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2015 (5)

Y.-P. Chang, D. Horke, S. Trippel, and J. Küpper, “Spatially-controlled complex molecules and their applications,” Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 34, 557–590 (2015).

S. Trippel, T. Mullins, N. L. M. Müller, J. S. Kienitz, R. González-Férez, and J. Küpper, “Two-state wave packet for strong field-free molecular orientation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 103003 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Kierspel, J. Wiese, T. Mullins, J. Robinson, A. Aquila, A. Barty, R. Bean, R. Boll, S. Boutet, P. Bucksbaum, H. N. Chapman, L. Christensen, A. Fry, M. Hunter, J. E. Koglin, M. Liang, V. Mariani, A. Morgan, A. Natan, V. Petrovic, D. Rolles, A. Rudenko, K. Schnorr, H. Stapelfeldt, S. Stern, J. Thøgersen, C. H. Yoon, F. Wang, S. Trippel, and J. Küpper, “Strongly aligned molecules at free-electron lasers,” J. Phys. B 48, 204002 (2015).
[Crossref]

R. A. Kirian, S. Awel, N. Eckerskorn, H. Fleckenstein, M. Wiedorn, L. Adriano, S. Bajt, M. Barthelmess, R. Bean, K. R. Beyerlein, L. M. G. Chavas, M. Domaracky, M. Heymann, D. A. Horke, J. Knoska, M. Metz, A. Morgan, D. Oberthuer, N. Roth, T. Sato, P. L. Xavier, O. Yefanov, A. V. Rode, J. Küpper, and H. N. Chapman, “Simple convergent-nozzle aerosol injector for single-particle diffractive imaging with x-ray free-electron lasers,” Struct. Dyn. 2, 041717 (2015).
[Crossref]

J. Zhang, J. Brons, N. Lilienfein, E. Fedulova, V. Pervak, D. Bauer, D. Sutter, Z. Wei, A. Apolonski, O. Pronin, and F. Krausz, “260-megahertz, megawatt-level thin-disk oscillator,” Opt. Lett. 40, 1627–1630 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2014 (7)

H. Carstens, N. Lilienfein, S. Holzberger, C. Jocher, T. Eidam, J. Limpert, A. Tünnermann, J. Weitenberg, D. C. Yost, A. Alghamdi, Z. Alahmed, A. Azzeer, A. Apolonski, E. Fill, F. Krausz, and I. Pupeza, “Megawatt-scale average-power ultrashort pulses in an enhancement cavity,” Opt. Lett. 39, 2595 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Mazza, M. Ilchen, A. J. Rafipoor, C. Callegari, P. Finetti, O. Plekan, K. C. Prince, R. Richter, M. B. Danailov, A. Demidovich, G. De Ninno, C. Grazioli, R. Ivanov, N. Mahne, L. Raimondi, C. Svetina, L. Avaldi, P. Bolognesi, M. Coreno, P. O’Keeffe, M. Di Fraia, M. Devetta, Y. Ovcharenko, Th. Moller, V. Lyamayev, F. Stienkemeier, S. Düsterer, K. Ueda, J. T. Costello, A. K. Kazansky, N. M. Kabachnik, and M. Meyer, “Determining the polarization state of an extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser beam using atomic circular dichroism,” Nat. Comm. 5, 1–6 (2014).
[Crossref]

S. Stern, L. Holmegaard, F. Filsinger, A. Rouzee, A. Rudenko, P. Johnsson, A. V. Martin, A. Barty, C. Bostedt, J. Bozek, R. Coffee, S. Epp, B. Erk, L. Foucar, R. Hartmann, N. Kimmel, K.-U. Kühnel, J. Maurer, M. Messerschmidt, B. Rudek, D. Starodub, J. Thøgersen, G. Weidenspointner, T. A. White, H. Stapelfeldt, D. Rolles, H. N. Chapman, and J. Küpper, “Toward atomic resolution diffractive imaging of isolated molecules with x-ray free-electron lasers,” Faraday Disc. 171, 393 (2014).
[Crossref]

C. Kränkel, “Rare-earth-doped sesquioxides for diode-pumped high-power lasers in the 1-, 2-, and 3-µm spectral range,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 21, 250–262 (2014).
[Crossref]

S. Trippel, T. Mullins, N. L. M. Müller, J. S. Kienitz, J. J. Omiste, H. Stapelfeldt, R. González-Férez, and J. Küpper, “Strongly driven quantum pendulum of the carbonyl sulfide molecule,” Phys. Rev. A 89, 051401 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Küpper, S. Stern, L. Holmegaard, F. Filsinger, A. Rouzée, A. Rudenko, P. Johnsson, A. V. Martin, M. Adolph, A. Aquila, S. Bajt, A. Barty, C. Bostedt, J. Bozek, C. Caleman, R. Coffee, N. Coppola, T. Delmas, S. Epp, B. Erk, L. Foucar, T. Gorkhover, L. Gumprecht, A. Hartmann, R. Hartmann, G. Hauser, P. Holl, A. Hömke, N. Kimmel, F. Krasniqi, K.-U. Kühnel, J. Maurer, M. Messerschmidt, R. Moshammer, C. Reich, B. Rudek, R. Santra, I. Schlichting, C. Schmidt, S. Schorb, J. Schulz, H. Soltau, J. C. H. Spence, D. Starodub, L. Strüder, J. Thøgersen, M. J. J. Vrakking, G. Weidenspointner, T. A. White, C. Wunderer, G. Meijer, J. Ullrich, H. Stapelfeldt, D. Rolles, and H. N. Chapman, “X-ray diffraction from isolated and strongly aligned gas-phase molecules with a free-electron laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 083002 (2014).
[Crossref]

A. Vaupel, N. Bodnar, B. Webb, L. Shah, and M. Richardson, “Concepts, performance review, and prospects of table-top, few-cycle optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification,” Opt. Eng. 53, 051507 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (6)

A. Barty, J. Küpper, and H. N. Chapman, “Molecular imaging using x-ray free-electron lasers,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 64, 415–435 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Trippel, T. Mullins, N. L. M. Müller, J. S. Kienitz, K. Długołęcki, and J. Küpper, “Strongly aligned and oriented molecular samples at a kHz repetition rate,” Mol. Phys. 111, 1738 (2013).
[Crossref]

T. Gottwald, V. Kuhn, S.-S. Schad, C. Stolzenburg, and A. Killi, “Recent developments in high power thin disk lasers at TRUMPF Laser,” Proc. SPIE 8898, 88980p (2013).
[Crossref]

G. Mourou, B. Brocklesby, T. Tajima, and J. Limpert, “The future is fibre accelerators,” Nat. Photonics 7, 258–261 (2013).
[Crossref]

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N. Eckerskorn, L. Li, R. A. Kirian, J. Küpper, D. P. DePonte, W. Krolikowski, W. M. Lee, H. N. Chapman, and A. V. Rode, “Hollow Bessel-like beam as an optical guide for a stream of microscopic particles,” Opt. Exp. 21, 30492–30499 (2013).
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2012 (4)

C. R. E. Baer, O. H. Heckl, C. J. Saraceno, C. Schriber, C. Kränkel, T. Südmeyer, and U. Keller, “Frontiers in passively mode-locked high-power thin disk laser oscillators,” Opt. Exp. 20, 7054–7065 (2012).
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C. J. Saraceno, F. Emaury, O. H. Heckl, C. R. E. Baer, M. Hoffmann, C. Schriber, M. Golling, T. Südmeyer, and U. Keller, “275 W of output power from a femtosecond thin disk oscillator operated in a vacuum environment,” Opt. Exp. 20, 23535–23541 (2012).
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J. H. Nielsen, H. Stapelfeldt, J. Küpper, B. Friedrich, J. J. Omiste, and R. González-Férez, “Making the best of mixed-field orientation of polar molecules: A recipe for achieving adiabatic dynamics in an electrostatic field combined with laser pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 193001 (2012).
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2011 (1)

F. Filsinger, G. Meijer, H. Stapelfeldt, H. Chapman, and J. Küpper, “State- and conformer-selected beams of aligned and oriented molecules for ultrafast diffraction studies,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 2076–2087 (2011).
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2010 (3)

H. Aksakal and E. Arıkan, “A feasibility study of tac ir-fel project,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 620, 155–158 (2010).
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K. Beil, S. T. Fredrich-Thornton, F. Tellkamp, R. Peters, C. Kränkel, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Thermal and laser properties of Yb:LuAG for kW thin disk lasers,” Opt. Exp. 18, 20712–20722 (2010).
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B. Weichelt, D. Blazquez-Sanchez, A. Austerschulte, A. Voss, T. Graf, and A. Killi, “Improving the brightness of a multi-kw thin disk laser with a single disk by an aspherical phase-front correction,” Proc. SPIE 7721, 77210M (2010).
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2009 (2)

I. Nevo, L. Holmegaard, J. H. Nielsen, J. L. Hansen, H. Stapelfeldt, F. Filsinger, G. Meijer, and J. Küpper, “Laser-induced 3D alignment and orientation of quantum state-selected molecules,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11, 9912–9918 (2009).
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2008 (2)

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2007 (1)

R. Peters, C. Kränkel, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Broadly tunable high-power Yb:Lu2O3 thin disk laser with 80 % slope efficiency,” Opt. Exp. 15, 7075–7082 (2007).
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2006 (1)

H. Franz, O. Leupold, R. Röhlsberger, S. V. Roth, O. H. Seeck, J. Spengler, J. Strempfer, M. Tischer, J. Viefhaus, E. Weckert, and T. Wroblewski, “Technical Report: PETRA III: DESY’s new high brilliance third generation synchrotron radiation source,” Synchrotron Radiat. News 19, 25–29 (2006).
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2005 (1)

T. Y. Fan, “Laser beam combining for high-power, high-radiance sources,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 11, 567–577 (2005).
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2004 (1)

S. Mustafiz, N. Bjorndalen, and M. R. Islam, “Lasing into the future: Potentials of laser drilling in the petroleum industry,” Petrol. Sci. Technol. 22, 1187–1198 (2004).
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2003 (1)

H. Stapelfeldt and T. Seideman, “Colloquium: Aligning molecules with strong laser pulses,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 543–557 (2003).
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2000 (3)

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A. T. J. B. Eppink and D. H. Parker, “Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: Application in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 3477–3484 (1997).
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R. Neutze, R. Wouts, D. van der Spoel, E. Weckert, and J. Hajdu, “Potential for biomolecular imaging with femtosecond x-ray pulses,” Nature 406, 752–757 (2000).
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R. Peters, C. Kränkel, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Broadly tunable high-power Yb:Lu2O3 thin disk laser with 80 % slope efficiency,” Opt. Exp. 15, 7075–7082 (2007).
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A. Giesen, H. Hügel, A. Voss, K. Wittig, U. Brauch, and H. Opower, “Scalable concept for diode-pumped high-power solid-state lasers,” Appl. Phys. B 58, 365–372 (1994).
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Fig. 1 (a): Concept for CW alignment of molecules: a high-finesse resonator in linearly polarized TEM₀₀ operation, focused inside of a vacuum chamber leads to the required focal intensities for alignment of molecules. (b): Mode averaging in the resonator yields in smooth intensity distribution and avoids spatial hole burning.

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Fig. 2 (a) Laser performance of a 0.22 mm thick Yb:YAG disk and a 0.25 mm thick Yb:Lu₂O₃ disk for different output coupler transmissions. (b) Slope efficiency and surface temperature (P_p = 50 W) for different output coupler transmissions.

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Fig. 3 (a) Caird analysis of the Yb:YAG and Yb:Lu₂O₃ disk according to Eq. 3. (b) Calculated intracavity power for internal losses of 2 × 10⁻⁴ for fixed pump powers against additional losses.

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Equations (5)

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P_{int} = \frac{P_{out}}{T_{oc}} .

η_{sl} = η_{oc} \cdot η_{St} \cdot η_{abs} \cdot η_{ov} .

\frac{1}{η_{sl}} = \frac{L_{int}}{η_{tot}} \cdot \frac{1}{T_{oc}} + \frac{1}{η_{tot}}

L_{int, \max} = (\frac{η_{St}}{η_{sl}} - 1) T_{oc}

P_{int} = (\frac{1}{L_{add} + L_{int}}) \cdot η_{st} \cdot (P_{p} - P_{thr}) .