Highly efficient narrow-band green and red phosphors enabling wider color-gamut LED backlight for more brilliant displays

Le Wang; Xiaojun Wang; Takahashi Kohsei; Ken-ichi Yoshimura; Makoto Izumi; Naoto Hirosaki; Rong-Jun Xie

doi:10.1364/OE.23.028707

Highly efficient narrow-band green and red phosphors enabling wider color-gamut LED backlight for more brilliant displays

Le Wang, Xiaojun Wang, Takahashi Kohsei, Ken-ichi Yoshimura, Makoto Izumi, Naoto Hirosaki, and Rong-Jun Xie

Optics Express
Vol. 23,
Issue 22,
pp. 28707-28717
(2015)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.028707

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Le Wang, Xiaojun Wang, Takahashi Kohsei, Ken-ichi Yoshimura, Makoto Izumi, Naoto Hirosaki, and Rong-Jun Xie, "Highly efficient narrow-band green and red phosphors enabling wider color-gamut LED backlight for more brilliant displays," Opt. Express 23, 28707-28717 (2015)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Materials
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Fluorescent and luminescent materials (160.2540)
- Light-emitting diodes (230.3670)
- Liquid-crystal devices (230.3720)
- Photoluminescence (250.5230)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: September 1, 2015
- Revised Manuscript: October 9, 2015
- Manuscript Accepted: October 11, 2015
- Published: October 23, 2015

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

In this contribution, we propose to combine both narrow-band green (β-sialon:Eu²⁺) and red (K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺) phosphors with a blue InGaN chip to achieve white light-emitting diodes (wLEDs) with a large color gamut and a high efficiency for use as the liquid crystal display (LCD) backlighting. β-sialon:Eu²⁺, prepared by a gas-pressure sinteing technique, has a peak emission at 535 nm, a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 54 nm, and an external quantum efficiency of 54.0% under the 450 nm excitation. K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺ was synthesized by a twe-step co-precipitation methods, and exhibits a sharp line emission spectrum with the most intensified peak at 631 nm, a FWHM of ~3 nm, and an external quantum efficiency of 54.5%. The prepared three-band wLEDs have a high color temperature of 11,184 - 13,769 K (i.e., 7,828 - 8,611 K for LCD displays), and a luminous efficacy of 91 – 96 lm/W, measured under an applied current of 120 mA. The color gamut defined in the CIE 1931 and CIE 1976 color spaces are 85.5 - 85.9% and 94.3 - 96.2% of the NTSC stanadard, respectively. These optical properties are better than those phosphor-cpnverted wLED backlights using wide-band green or red phosphoprs, suggesting that the two narrow-band phosphors investigated are the most suitable luminescent materials for achieving more bright and vivid displays.

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References

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Publication

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[Crossref]
Z. Luo, Y. Chen, and S.-T. Wu, “Wide color gamut LCD with a quantum dot backlight,” Opt. Express 21(22), 26269–26284 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Ito, T. Hori, T. Kusunoki, H. Nomura, and H. Kondo, “A phosphor sheet and a backlight system providing wider color gamut for LCDs,” J. Symp. Dig. 22(8), 419–428 (2014).
S.-H. Lee, K.-H. Lee, J.-H. Jo, B. Park, Y. Kwon, H. S. Jang, and H. Yang, “Remote-type, high-color gamut white light-emitting diode based on InP quantum dot color converters,” Opt. Mater. Express 4(7), 1297–1302 (2014).
[Crossref]
J. H. Oh, H. Kang, M. Ko, and Y. R. Do, “Analysis of wide color gamut of green/red bilayered freestanding phosphor film-capped white LEDs for LCD backlight,” Opt. Express 23(15), A791–A804 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
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[Crossref]
S. Coe-Sullivan, W. Liu, P. Allen, and J. S. Steckel, “Quantum dots for LED downconversion in display applications,” ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 2(2), R3026–R3030 (2013).
[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
K. Uheda, N. Hirosaki, Y. Yamamoto, A. Naito, T. Nakajima, and H. Yamamoto, “Luminescence properties of a red phosphor, CaAlSiN3:Eu2+, for white light-emitting diodes,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 9(4), H22–H25 (2006).
[Crossref]
Y. Fukuda, K. Ishida, I. Mitsuishi, and S. Nunoue, “Luminescence properties of Eu2+-doped green-emitting Sr-Sialon phosphor and its application to white light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Express 2(1), 012401 (2009).
[Crossref]
Y. Q. Li, N. Hirosaki, R.-J. Xie, T. Takeda, and M. Mitomo, “Crystal and electronic structures, luminescence properties of Eu2+-doped Si6-zAlzOzN8-z and MySi6-zAlz-yOz+yN8-z-y (M = 2Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba,” J. Solid State Chem. 181(12), 3200–3210 (2008).
[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
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[Crossref]
S. Adachi and T. Takahashi, “Direct Synthesis and properties of K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphor by wet chemical etching of Si wafer,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(2), 023512 (2008).
[Crossref]
C. X. Liao, R. P. Cao, Z. J. Ma, Y. Li, G. P. Dong, K. N. Sharafudeen, and J. R. Qiu, “Synthesis of K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphor from SiO2 powders via redox reaction in KF/KMnO4 solution and their application in warm-white LEDs,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 96(11), 3552–3556 (2013).
[Crossref]
H. Zhu, C. C. Lin, W. Luo, S. Shu, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, J. Kong, E. Ma, Y. Cao, R. S. Liu, and X. Chen, “Highly efficient non-rare-earth red emitting phosphor for warm white light-emitting diodes,” Nat. Commun. 5, 4312 (2014).
[PubMed]
J. H. Oh, H. Kang, Y. J. Eo, H. K. Park, and Y. R. Do, “Synthesis of narrow-band red-emitting K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphors for a deep red monochromatic LED and ultrahigh color quality warm-white LEDs,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 3(3), 607–615 (2015).
[Crossref]
A. G. Paulusz, “Efficient Mn (IV) emission in fluorine coordination,” J. Electrochem. Soc. 120(7), 942–947 (1973).
[Crossref]
A. A. Setlur, E. V. Radkov, C. S. Henderson, J.-H. Her, A. M. Srivastava, N. Karkada, M. S. Kishore, N. P. Kumar, D. Aesram, A. Deshpande, B. Kolodin, L. S. Grigorov, and U. Happek, “Energy-efficient, high-color-rendering LED lamps using oxyﬂuoride and fluoride phosphors,” Chem. Mater. 22(13), 4076–4082 (2010).
[Crossref]
H. Bode, H. Jenssen, and F. Bandte, “Uber eine neue darstellung des kalium-hexafluoromanganats(IV),” Angew. Chem-Ger. Ed. 65, 304–304 (1953).
K. Ohkubo and T. Shigeta, “Absolute fluorescent quantum efficiency of NBS phosphor standard samples,” J. Illum. Eng. Inst. Japan 83, 87–93 (1999).
J. H. Lee, D. N. Liu, and S. T. Wu, Introduction to Flat Panel Displays (Wiley, 2008).
R. Hunt, Measuring Colour, 3rd Edition (Fountain Press, 1998).
J. H. Loehlin, “Redetermination of the structure of potassium hexafluorosilicate, K2SiF6,” Acta Crystallogr. C 40(3), 570 (1984).
[Crossref]
K. H. Jack and W. I. Wilson, “Ceramics based on the Si-Al-O-N and related systems,” Nat. Phys. Sci (Lond.) 238(80), 28–29 (1972).
[Crossref]
J. L. Sommerdijk, J. M. P. J. Verstegen, and A. Bril, “Luminescence of MeFX:Eu2+ (Me = Sr, Ba; X = Cl, Br),” J. Lumin. 8(6), 502–506 (1974).
[Crossref]
R. F. Sosa, E. R. Alvarez, M. A. Camacho, A. F. Munoz, and J. O. Rubio, “Time-resolved spectroscopy of the Eu2+ luminescence in KCl:Ba2+,Eu2+ KCl:Sr2+,Eu2+ and KBr:Sr2+,Eu2+,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 7(32), 6561–6568 (1995).
[Crossref]
S. S. Wang, W. T. Chen, Y. Li, J. Wang, H. S. Sheu, and R. S. Liu, “Neighboring-cation substitution tuning of photoluminescence by remote-controlled activator in phosphor lattice,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135(34), 12504–12507 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Kim, W. B. Park, B. Bang, C. H. Kim, and K.-S. Sohn, “Radiative and non-radiative decay rate of K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphors,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 3(21), 5484–5489 (2015).
[Crossref]
S. Bhushan and M. V. Chukichev, “Temperature dependent studies of cathodoluminescence of green band of ZnO crystals,” J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 7(4), 319–321 (1988).
[Crossref]
K. Takahashi, R.-J. Xie, and N. Hirosaki, “Toward higher color purity and narrower emission band β-sialon:Eu2+ by reducing the oxygen concentration,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 14(11), E38–E40 (2011).
[Crossref]

2015 (3)

J. H. Oh, H. Kang, Y. J. Eo, H. K. Park, and Y. R. Do, “Synthesis of narrow-band red-emitting K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphors for a deep red monochromatic LED and ultrahigh color quality warm-white LEDs,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 3(3), 607–615 (2015).
[Crossref]

M. Kim, W. B. Park, B. Bang, C. H. Kim, and K.-S. Sohn, “Radiative and non-radiative decay rate of K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphors,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 3(21), 5484–5489 (2015).
[Crossref]

J. H. Oh, H. Kang, M. Ko, and Y. R. Do, “Analysis of wide color gamut of green/red bilayered freestanding phosphor film-capped white LEDs for LCD backlight,” Opt. Express 23(15), A791–A804 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2014 (4)

Y. Ito, T. Hori, T. Kusunoki, H. Nomura, and H. Kondo, “A phosphor sheet and a backlight system providing wider color gamut for LCDs,” J. Symp. Dig. 22(8), 419–428 (2014).

S.-H. Lee, K.-H. Lee, J.-H. Jo, B. Park, Y. Kwon, H. S. Jang, and H. Yang, “Remote-type, high-color gamut white light-emitting diode based on InP quantum dot color converters,” Opt. Mater. Express 4(7), 1297–1302 (2014).
[Crossref]

H. Zhu, C. C. Lin, W. Luo, S. Shu, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, J. Kong, E. Ma, Y. Cao, R. S. Liu, and X. Chen, “Highly efficient non-rare-earth red emitting phosphor for warm white light-emitting diodes,” Nat. Commun. 5, 4312 (2014).
[PubMed]

P. Pust, V. Weiler, C. Hecht, A. Tücks, A. S. Wochnik, A. K. Henß, D. Wiechert, C. Scheu, P. J. Schmidt, and W. Schnick, “Narrow-band red-emitting Sr[LiAl3N4]:Eu2+ as a next-generation LED-phosphor material,” Nat. Mater. 13(9), 891–896 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (5)

Y. Shirasaki, G. J. Supran, M. G. Bawendi, and V. Bulovic, “Emergence of colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting technologies,” Nat. Photonics 7(1), 13–23 (2013).
[Crossref]

S. Coe-Sullivan, W. Liu, P. Allen, and J. S. Steckel, “Quantum dots for LED downconversion in display applications,” ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 2(2), R3026–R3030 (2013).
[Crossref]

C. X. Liao, R. P. Cao, Z. J. Ma, Y. Li, G. P. Dong, K. N. Sharafudeen, and J. R. Qiu, “Synthesis of K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphor from SiO2 powders via redox reaction in KF/KMnO4 solution and their application in warm-white LEDs,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 96(11), 3552–3556 (2013).
[Crossref]

Z. Luo, Y. Chen, and S.-T. Wu, “Wide color gamut LCD with a quantum dot backlight,” Opt. Express 21(22), 26269–26284 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. S. Wang, W. T. Chen, Y. Li, J. Wang, H. S. Sheu, and R. S. Liu, “Neighboring-cation substitution tuning of photoluminescence by remote-controlled activator in phosphor lattice,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135(34), 12504–12507 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (1)

Y. Fukuda, N. Matsuda, A. Okada, and I. Mitsuishi, “White light-emitting diodes for wide-color-gamut backlight using green-emitting Sr-Sialon phosphor,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 51(12), 122101 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

K. Takahashi, R.-J. Xie, and N. Hirosaki, “Toward higher color purity and narrower emission band β-sialon:Eu2+ by reducing the oxygen concentration,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 14(11), E38–E40 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (2)

E. Jang, S. Jun, H. Jang, J. Lim, B. Kim, and Y. Kim, “White-light-emitting diodes with quantum dot color converters for display backlights,” Adv. Mater. 22(28), 3076–3080 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. A. Setlur, E. V. Radkov, C. S. Henderson, J.-H. Her, A. M. Srivastava, N. Karkada, M. S. Kishore, N. P. Kumar, D. Aesram, A. Deshpande, B. Kolodin, L. S. Grigorov, and U. Happek, “Energy-efficient, high-color-rendering LED lamps using oxyﬂuoride and fluoride phosphors,” Chem. Mater. 22(13), 4076–4082 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (4)

N. Hirosaki, R.-J. Xie, K. Kimoto, T. Sekiguchi, Y. Yamamoto, T. Suehiro, and M. Mitomo, “Characterization and Properties of Green-Emitting β-SiAlON:Eu2+ Powder Phosphors for White Light-Emitting Diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 211905 (2009).
[Crossref]

T. Takahashi and S. Adachi, “Synthesis of K2SiF6:Mn4+ red phosphor from Silica Glasses by wet chemical etching in HF/KMnO4 sollution,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 12(8), J69–J71 (2009).
[Crossref]

Y. Fukuda, K. Ishida, I. Mitsuishi, and S. Nunoue, “Luminescence properties of Eu2+-doped green-emitting Sr-Sialon phosphor and its application to white light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Express 2(1), 012401 (2009).
[Crossref]

R.-J. Xie, N. Hirosaki, and T. Takeda, “Wide color gamut backlight for liquid crystal displays using three-band phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Express 2, 022401 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (4)

Y. Q. Li, N. Hirosaki, R.-J. Xie, T. Takeda, and M. Mitomo, “Crystal and electronic structures, luminescence properties of Eu2+-doped Si6-zAlzOzN8-z and MySi6-zAlz-yOz+yN8-z-y (M = 2Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba,” J. Solid State Chem. 181(12), 3200–3210 (2008).
[Crossref]

R.-J. Xie, N. Hirosaki, X.-J. Liu, T. Takeda, and H.-L. Li, “Crystal structure and photoluminescence of Mn2+-Mg2+ codoped gamma aluminum oxynitride (γ-AlON): A promising green phosphor for white light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(20), 201905 (2008).
[Crossref]

S. Adachi and T. Takahashi, “Direct Synthesis and properties of K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphor by wet chemical etching of Si wafer,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(2), 023512 (2008).
[Crossref]

R.-J. Xie, N. Hirosaki, H. L. Li, Y. Q. Li, and M. Mitomo, “Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of β-sialon:Eu2+ (Si6-zAlzOzN8-z:Eu2+) – A promising green oxynitride phosphor for white light-emitting diodes,” J. Electrochem. Soc. 154, J314–J319 (2008).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

K. Uheda, N. Hirosaki, Y. Yamamoto, A. Naito, T. Nakajima, and H. Yamamoto, “Luminescence properties of a red phosphor, CaAlSiN3:Eu2+, for white light-emitting diodes,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 9(4), H22–H25 (2006).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

K. Ohkubo and T. Shigeta, “Absolute fluorescent quantum efficiency of NBS phosphor standard samples,” J. Illum. Eng. Inst. Japan 83, 87–93 (1999).

1995 (1)

R. F. Sosa, E. R. Alvarez, M. A. Camacho, A. F. Munoz, and J. O. Rubio, “Time-resolved spectroscopy of the Eu2+ luminescence in KCl:Ba2+,Eu2+ KCl:Sr2+,Eu2+ and KBr:Sr2+,Eu2+,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 7(32), 6561–6568 (1995).
[Crossref]

1988 (1)

S. Bhushan and M. V. Chukichev, “Temperature dependent studies of cathodoluminescence of green band of ZnO crystals,” J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 7(4), 319–321 (1988).
[Crossref]

1984 (1)

J. H. Loehlin, “Redetermination of the structure of potassium hexafluorosilicate, K2SiF6,” Acta Crystallogr. C 40(3), 570 (1984).
[Crossref]

1974 (1)

J. L. Sommerdijk, J. M. P. J. Verstegen, and A. Bril, “Luminescence of MeFX:Eu2+ (Me = Sr, Ba; X = Cl, Br),” J. Lumin. 8(6), 502–506 (1974).
[Crossref]

1973 (1)

A. G. Paulusz, “Efficient Mn (IV) emission in fluorine coordination,” J. Electrochem. Soc. 120(7), 942–947 (1973).
[Crossref]

1972 (1)

K. H. Jack and W. I. Wilson, “Ceramics based on the Si-Al-O-N and related systems,” Nat. Phys. Sci (Lond.) 238(80), 28–29 (1972).
[Crossref]

Adachi, S.

S. Adachi and T. Takahashi, “Direct Synthesis and properties of K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphor by wet chemical etching of Si wafer,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(2), 023512 (2008).
[Crossref]

Aesram, D.

Allen, P.

S. Coe-Sullivan, W. Liu, P. Allen, and J. S. Steckel, “Quantum dots for LED downconversion in display applications,” ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 2(2), R3026–R3030 (2013).
[Crossref]

Alvarez, E. R.

Bang, B.

Bawendi, M. G.

Y. Shirasaki, G. J. Supran, M. G. Bawendi, and V. Bulovic, “Emergence of colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting technologies,” Nat. Photonics 7(1), 13–23 (2013).
[Crossref]

Bhushan, S.

S. Bhushan and M. V. Chukichev, “Temperature dependent studies of cathodoluminescence of green band of ZnO crystals,” J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 7(4), 319–321 (1988).
[Crossref]

Bril, A.

J. L. Sommerdijk, J. M. P. J. Verstegen, and A. Bril, “Luminescence of MeFX:Eu2+ (Me = Sr, Ba; X = Cl, Br),” J. Lumin. 8(6), 502–506 (1974).
[Crossref]

Bulovic, V.

Y. Shirasaki, G. J. Supran, M. G. Bawendi, and V. Bulovic, “Emergence of colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting technologies,” Nat. Photonics 7(1), 13–23 (2013).
[Crossref]

Camacho, M. A.

Cao, R. P.

Cao, Y.

Chen, W. T.

Chen, X.

Chen, Y.

Z. Luo, Y. Chen, and S.-T. Wu, “Wide color gamut LCD with a quantum dot backlight,” Opt. Express 21(22), 26269–26284 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chukichev, M. V.

S. Bhushan and M. V. Chukichev, “Temperature dependent studies of cathodoluminescence of green band of ZnO crystals,” J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 7(4), 319–321 (1988).
[Crossref]

Coe-Sullivan, S.

S. Coe-Sullivan, W. Liu, P. Allen, and J. S. Steckel, “Quantum dots for LED downconversion in display applications,” ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 2(2), R3026–R3030 (2013).
[Crossref]

Deshpande, A.

Do, Y. R.

Dong, G. P.

Eo, Y. J.

Fukuda, Y.

Grigorov, L. S.

Happek, U.

Hecht, C.

Henderson, C. S.

Henß, A. K.

Her, J.-H.

Hirosaki, N.

Hori, T.

Y. Ito, T. Hori, T. Kusunoki, H. Nomura, and H. Kondo, “A phosphor sheet and a backlight system providing wider color gamut for LCDs,” J. Symp. Dig. 22(8), 419–428 (2014).

Ishida, K.

Ito, Y.

Y. Ito, T. Hori, T. Kusunoki, H. Nomura, and H. Kondo, “A phosphor sheet and a backlight system providing wider color gamut for LCDs,” J. Symp. Dig. 22(8), 419–428 (2014).

Jack, K. H.

K. H. Jack and W. I. Wilson, “Ceramics based on the Si-Al-O-N and related systems,” Nat. Phys. Sci (Lond.) 238(80), 28–29 (1972).
[Crossref]

Jang, E.

Jang, H.

Jang, H. S.

Jo, J.-H.

Jun, S.

Kang, H.

Karkada, N.

Kim, B.

Kim, C. H.

Kim, M.

Kim, Y.

Kimoto, K.

Kishore, M. S.

Ko, M.

Kolodin, B.

Kondo, H.

Y. Ito, T. Hori, T. Kusunoki, H. Nomura, and H. Kondo, “A phosphor sheet and a backlight system providing wider color gamut for LCDs,” J. Symp. Dig. 22(8), 419–428 (2014).

Kong, J.

Kumar, N. P.

Kusunoki, T.

Y. Ito, T. Hori, T. Kusunoki, H. Nomura, and H. Kondo, “A phosphor sheet and a backlight system providing wider color gamut for LCDs,” J. Symp. Dig. 22(8), 419–428 (2014).

Kwon, Y.

Lee, K.-H.

Lee, S.-H.

Li, H. L.

Li, H.-L.

Li, Y.

Li, Y. Q.

Liao, C. X.

Lim, J.

Lin, C. C.

Liu, R. S.

Liu, W.

S. Coe-Sullivan, W. Liu, P. Allen, and J. S. Steckel, “Quantum dots for LED downconversion in display applications,” ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 2(2), R3026–R3030 (2013).
[Crossref]

Liu, X.-J.

Liu, Y.

Liu, Z.

Loehlin, J. H.

J. H. Loehlin, “Redetermination of the structure of potassium hexafluorosilicate, K2SiF6,” Acta Crystallogr. C 40(3), 570 (1984).
[Crossref]

Luo, W.

Luo, Z.

Z. Luo, Y. Chen, and S.-T. Wu, “Wide color gamut LCD with a quantum dot backlight,” Opt. Express 21(22), 26269–26284 (2013).
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Fig. 1 Schematics of the preparation of K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺ by a two-step co-precipitation method. The detailed description is given in the text.

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Fig. 2 (a) XRD patttens, (b) SEM iamge, and (c-f) elemental mapping of K, Si, F, and Mn. The XRD partterns reveal a cubic phase of KSF. The polyhedron shape of the phosphor indicates well crystallized particles that contributes to high luminescence.

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Fig. 3 (a) SEM image of rod-liked β-sialon:Eu²⁺ prepared by gas-pressure sintering, and (b) XRD patterns ofβ-sialon:Eu²⁺, indicative of a phase pure β-sialon:Eu²⁺ with high crystallinity.

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Fig. 4 (a) Excitation and Emission spectra of K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺, β-sialon:Eu²⁺ and CaAlSiN₃:Eu²⁺; (b) absorption efficiency of K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺ and CaAlSiN₃:Eu²⁺. The emission spectra of all samples were exicted at 450 nm, and the excitation spectra of K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺ and CaAlSiN₃:Eu²⁺ were monitored at 631 and 650 nm, respectively.

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Fig. 5 Decay curves of K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺ (λ_em = 631 nm) and β-sialon:Eu²⁺ (λ_em = 535 nm) measured under 370 nm excitation. Both show a single exponential decay, but different decay times. The decay time of Eu²⁺ is much shorter than that of Mn⁴⁺.

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Fig. 6 Absorption efficiency (a), internal quantum efficiency (b) and external quantum efficiency (c) as a function of the excitation wavelength of β-sialon:Eu²⁺ and KSF:Mn⁴⁺. It indicates that (i) both phosphpors have the similar quantum efficiency under 450 nm excitation; (ii) the absorption of green light (i.e. from β-sialon:Eu²⁺) by KSF is quite small (less than 20%).

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Fig. 7 Thermal quenching of K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺ and β-sialon:Eu²⁺ when excited at 450 nm.

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Fig. 8 Temperature-dependent quantum efficiency of β-sialon:Eu²⁺ and K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺ when excited at 450 nm. This indicates that both samples have high thermal stability, and β-sialon:Eu²⁺ is superior to KSF:Mn⁴⁺ at higher tempetures (> 200°C).

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Fig. 9 Electroluminescence spcetra of the as-prepared wLEDs (a-c) and of the wLEDs after filtering (d-f).

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Fig. 10 The CIE 1931 (a) and CIE 1976 (b) color coordinates of the NTSC standard (black dotted triangles) and the wLED with the color tempetaure of 8611 K (white triangles).

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Tables (3)

Table 1 Narrow-band phosphor candidates used for wLED backlight.

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Table 2 Optical properties of wLED backlight using K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺ and β-sialon:Eu²⁺

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Table 3 Optical properties of phosphor-converted wLEDs for LCD backlights

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Equations (2)

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\begin{array}{l} KF + HF + {KMnO}_{4} + H_{2} O_{2} \to K_{2} {MnF}_{6} + H_{2} O + O_{2} \\ {KHF}_{2} + HF + H_{2} {SiF}_{6} + K_{2} {MnF}_{6} \to K_{2} {SiF}_{6} : {Mn}^{4 +} \end{array}

\begin{array}{l} η_{0} = \frac{\int λ • P (λ) d λ}{\int λ • E (λ) d λ} \\ η_{i} = \frac{\int λ • P (λ) d λ}{\int λ {E (λ) - R (λ)} d λ} \\ α_{a b s} = \frac{\int λ {E (λ) - R (λ)} d λ}{\int λ • E (λ) d λ} \end{array}

		Emission maxima / nm	FWHM/ nm	stability	EQE/ %	ref
Green phosphors	β-sialon:Eu²⁺	535	55	Excellent	N/A	[10,11,14]
	Sr₃Si₁₃Al₃O₂N₂₁:Eu²⁺	525	66	Good	67	[13]
	Sr₂GaS₄:Eu²⁺	540	47	Bad	N/A	[5]
	γ-alon:Mn²⁺	520	44	Good	13	[15]
Redphosphors	CaAlSiN₃:Eu²⁺	650	92	Excellent	78	12
	Sr[LiAl₃]N₄:Eu²⁺	655	52	Bad	52	[16]
	CaS:Eu²⁺	650	64	Bad	N/A	[5]
	K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺	630	3	medium	80	[7,17,18]

Color temperature (K)	Chromatic coordinates		Color gamut (% NTSC)		Luminous efficacy (lm/W)
Color temperature (K)	CIE1931 (x, y)	CIE1976 (u’, v’)	CIE1931	CIE1976	Luminous efficacy (lm/W)
7828	(0.2920, 0.3228)	(0.1857, 0.4619)	85.5	94.3	94
8114	(0.2881, 0.3216)	(0.1834, 0.4607)	85.8	95.0	95
8611	(0.2847, 0.3123)	(0.1843, 0.4549)	85.9	96.2	91

Phosphors		Color temperature (K)	Luminous efficacy (lm/W)	Color gamut (% NTSC)		ref
Green	Red	Color temperature (K)	Luminous efficacy (lm/W)	CIE 1931	CIE 1976	ref
β-sialon:Eu²⁺	CaAlSiN₃:Eu²⁺	8620	38	82.1	91.9	1
Sr₃Si₁₃Al₃O₂N₂₁:Eu²⁺	CaAlSiN₃:Eu²⁺	12723	41	83.8	92.4	3
Sr₂GaS₄:Eu²⁺	K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺	8330	105	86.4	N/A	7
Sr₂SiO₄:Eu²⁺	CaAlSiN₃:Eu²⁺	8000	103	74.7	N/A	7
YAG:Ce³⁺		8000	105	67.9	N/A	7
YAG:Ce³⁺		4950	59	68.3	71.6	1
β-sialon:Eu²⁺	K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺	8611	94	85.9	96.2	This work

		Emission maxima / nm	FWHM/ nm	stability	EQE/ %	ref
Green phosphors	β-sialon:Eu²⁺	535	55	Excellent	N/A	[10,11,14]
	Sr₃Si₁₃Al₃O₂N₂₁:Eu²⁺	525	66	Good	67	[13]
	Sr₂GaS₄:Eu²⁺	540	47	Bad	N/A	[5]
	γ-alon:Mn²⁺	520	44	Good	13	[15]
Redphosphors	CaAlSiN₃:Eu²⁺	650	92	Excellent	78	12
	Sr[LiAl₃]N₄:Eu²⁺	655	52	Bad	52	[16]
	CaS:Eu²⁺	650	64	Bad	N/A	[5]
	K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺	630	3	medium	80	[7,17,18]

Color temperature (K)	Chromatic coordinates		Color gamut (% NTSC)		Luminous efficacy (lm/W)
Color temperature (K)	CIE1931 (x, y)	CIE1976 (u’, v’)	CIE1931	CIE1976	Luminous efficacy (lm/W)
7828	(0.2920, 0.3228)	(0.1857, 0.4619)	85.5	94.3	94
8114	(0.2881, 0.3216)	(0.1834, 0.4607)	85.8	95.0	95
8611	(0.2847, 0.3123)	(0.1843, 0.4549)	85.9	96.2	91