Abstract

Hyperbolic metamaterials (HMM) are of great interest due to their ability to break the diffraction limit for imaging and enhance near-field radiative heat transfer. Here we demonstrate that an annular, transparent HMM enables selective heating of a sub-wavelength plasmonic nanowire by controlling the angular mode number of a plasmonic resonance. A nanowire emitter, surrounded by an HMM, appears dark to incoming radiation from an adjacent nanowire emitter unless the second emitter is surrounded by an identical lens such that the wavelength and angular mode of the plasmonic resonance match. Our result can find applications in radiative thermal management.

© 2015 Optical Society of America

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2014 (6)

B. Liu, J. Shi, K. Liew, and S. Shen, “Near-field radiative heat transfer for Si based metamaterials,” Opt. Commun. 314, 57–65 (2014).
[Crossref]

Y. Guo, S. Molesky, H. Hu, C. L. Cortes, and Z. Jacob, “Thermal excitation of plasmons for near-field thermophotovoltaics,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 073903 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, W. Wang, C. J. Murphy, and D. G. Cahill, “Resonant secondary light emission from plasmonic Au nanostructures at high electron temperatures created by pulsed-laser excitation,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111, 906–911 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. B. Herzog, M. W. Knight, and D. Natelson, “Thermoplasmonics: Quantifying plasmonic heating in single nanowires,” Nano Lett. 14, 499–503 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Chen, Y. Francescato, J. D. Caldwell, V. Giannini, T. W. W. Ma, O. J. Glembocki, F. J. Bezares, T. Taubner, R. Kasica, M. Hong, and S. A. Maier, “Spectral tuning of localized surface phonon polariton resonators for low-loss mid-IR applications,” ACS Photonics 1, 718–724 (2014).
[Crossref]

S. Dai, Z. Fei, Q. Ma, A. S. Rodin, M. Wagner, A. S. McLeod, M. K. Liu, W. Gannett, W. Regan, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, M. Thiemens, G. Dominguez, A. H. C. Neto, A. Zettl, F. Keilmann, P. Jarillo-Herrero, M. M. Fogler, and D. N. Basov, “Tunable phonon polaritons in atomically thin van der waals crystals of boron nitride,” Science 343, 1125–1129 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (7)

S. A. Mann and E. C. Garnett, “Extreme light absorption in thin semiconductor films wrapped around metal nanowires,” Nano Lett. 13, 3173–3178 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. J. Coppens, W. Li, D. G. Walker, and J. G. Valentine, “Probing and controlling photothermal heat generation in plasmonic nanostructures,” Nano Lett. 13, 1023–1028 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Liu and S. Shen, “Broadband near-field radiative thermal emitter/absorber based on hyperbolic metamaterials: Direct numerical simulation by the wiener chaos expansion method,” Phys. Rev. B 87, 115403 (2013).
[Crossref]

Z. Yu, N. P. Sergeant, T. Skauli, G. Zhang, H. Wang, and S. Fan, “Enhancing far-field thermal emission with thermal extraction,” Nat. Commun..  4, 1730 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Molesky, C. J. Dewalt, and Z. Jacob, “High temperature epsilon-near-zero and epsilon-near-pole metamaterial emitters for thermophotovoltaics,” Opt. Express 21, A96–A110 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Guo and Z. Jacob, “Thermal hyperbolic metamaterials,” Opt. Express 21, 15014–15019 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Wang and L. Wang, “Perfect selective metamaterial solar absorbers,” Opt. Express 21, A1078–A1093 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (4)

Y. X. Yeng, M. Ghebrebrhan, P. Bermel, W. R. Chan, J. D. Joannopoulos, M. Soljačić, and I. Celanovic, “Enabling high-temperature nanophotonics for energy applications,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 2280–2285 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Mattiucci, G. D’Aguanno, A. Alù, C. Argyropoulos, J. V. Foreman, and M. J. Bloemer, “Taming the thermal emissivity of metals: A metamaterial approach,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 201109 (2012).
[Crossref]

S.-A. Biehs, M. Tschikin, and P. Ben-Abdallah, “Hyperbolic metamaterials as an analog of a blackbody in the near field,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 104301 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

O. Kidwai, S. V. Zhukovsky, and J. E. Sipe, “Effective-medium approach to planar multilayer hyperbolic meta-materials: Strengths and limitations,” Phys. Rev. A 85, 053842 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (3)

X. Liu, T. Tyler, T. Starr, A. F. Starr, N. M. Jokerst, and W. J. Padilla, “Taming the blackbody with infrared metamaterials as selective thermal emitters,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 045901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Bermel, M. Ghebrebrhan, M. Harradon, Y. X. Yeng, I. Celanovic, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, “Tailoring photonic metamaterial resonances for thermal radiation,” Nanoscale Res. Lett..  6, 549 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. S. Ottens, V. Quetschke, S. Wise, A. A. Alemi, R. Lundock, G. Mueller, D. H. Reitze, D. B. Tanner, and B. F. Whiting, “Near-field radiative heat transfer between macroscopic planar surfaces,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 014301 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (3)

Z. Ruan and S. Fan, “Superscattering of light from subwavelength nanostructures,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 013901 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Ni, L. Gao, and C.-W. Qiu, “Achieving invisibility of homogeneous cylindrically anisotropic cylinders,” Plasmonics 5, 251–258 (2010).
[Crossref]

S. E. Han and D. J. Norris, “Beaming thermal emission from hot metallic bull’s eyes,” Opt. Express 18, 4829–4837 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (4)

J. Ng, H. Chen, and C. T. Chan, “Metamaterial frequency-selective superabsorber,” Opt. Lett. 34, 644–646 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Shen, A. Narayanaswamy, and G. Chen, “Surface phonon polaritons mediated energy transfer between nanoscale gaps,” Nano Lett. 9, 2909–2913 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Rousseau, A. Siria, G. Jourdan, S. Volz, F. Comin, J. Chevrier, and J.-J. Greffet, “Radiative heat transfer at the nanoscale,” Nature Photon. 3, 514–517 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. A. Schuller, T. Taubner, and M. L. Brongersma, “Optical antenna thermal emitters,” Nature Photon. 3, 658–661 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

A. J. Schmidt, J. D. Alper, M. Chiesa, G. Chen, S. K. Das, and K. Hamad-Schifferli, “Probing the gold nanorodligand-solvent interface by plasmonic absorption and thermal decay,” J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 13320–13323 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (4)

J.-H. Lee, Y.-S. Kim, K. Constant, and K.-M. Ho, “Woodpile metallic photonic crystals fabricated by using soft lithography for tailored thermal emission,” Adv. Mater. 19, 791–794 (2007).
[Crossref]

R. E. Hamam, A. Karalis, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, “Coupled-mode theory for general free-space resonant scattering of waves,” Phys. Rev. A 75, 053801 (2007).
[Crossref]

Z. Liu, H. Lee, Y. Xiong, C. Sun, and X. Zhang, “Far-field optical hyperlens magnifying sub-diffraction-limited objects,” Science 315, 1686 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Ingvarsson, L. Klein, Y.-Y. Au, J. A. Lacey, and H. F. Hamann, “Enhanced thermal emission from individual antenna-like nanoheaters,” Opt. Express 15, 11249–11254 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (3)

A. Salandrino and N. Engheta, “Far-field subdiffraction optical microscopy using metamaterial crystals: Theory and simulations,” Phys. Rev. B 74, 075103 (2006).
[Crossref]

Z. Jacob, L. V. Alekseyev, and E. Narimanov, “Optical hyperlens: Far-field imaging beyond the diffraction limit,” Opt. Express 14, 8247–8256 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. S. Luk’yanchuk and V. Ternovsky, “Light scattering by a thin wire with a surface-plasmon resonance: Bifurcations of the poynting vector field,” Phys. Rev. B 73, 235432 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (2)

J. Scheuer, W. M. J. Green, G. A. DeRose, and A. Yariv, “InGaAsP annular bragg lasers: theory, applications, and modal properties,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 11, 476–484 (2005).
[Crossref]

A. Kittel, W. Müller-Hirsch, J. Parisi, S.-A. Biehs, D. Reddig, and M. Holthaus, “Near-field heat transfer in a scanning thermal microscope,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 224301 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (1)

D. R. Smith and D. Schurig, “Electromagnetic wave propagation in media with indefinite permittivity and permeability tensors,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 077405 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

J.-J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joulain, J.-P. Mulet, S. Mainguy, and Y. Chen, “Coherent emission of light by thermal sources,” Nature 416, 61–64 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1999 (1)

V. V. Nikolaev, G. S. Sokolovskii, and M. A. Kaliteevskii, “Bragg reflectors for cylindrical waves,” Semiconductors 33, 147–152 (1999).
[Crossref]

1971 (1)

D. Polder and M. Van Hove, “Theory of radiative heat transfer between closely spaced bodies,” Phys. Rev. B 4, 3303–3314 (1971).
[Crossref]

1967 (1)

E. G. Cravalho, C. L. Tien, and R. P. Caren, “Effect of small spacings on radiative transfer between two dielectrics,” Journal of Heat Transfer 89, 351–358 (1967).
[Crossref]

Alekseyev, L. V.

Alemi, A. A.

R. S. Ottens, V. Quetschke, S. Wise, A. A. Alemi, R. Lundock, G. Mueller, D. H. Reitze, D. B. Tanner, and B. F. Whiting, “Near-field radiative heat transfer between macroscopic planar surfaces,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 014301 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Alper, J. D.

A. J. Schmidt, J. D. Alper, M. Chiesa, G. Chen, S. K. Das, and K. Hamad-Schifferli, “Probing the gold nanorodligand-solvent interface by plasmonic absorption and thermal decay,” J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 13320–13323 (2008).
[Crossref]

Alù, A.

N. Mattiucci, G. D’Aguanno, A. Alù, C. Argyropoulos, J. V. Foreman, and M. J. Bloemer, “Taming the thermal emissivity of metals: A metamaterial approach,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 201109 (2012).
[Crossref]

Argyropoulos, C.

N. Mattiucci, G. D’Aguanno, A. Alù, C. Argyropoulos, J. V. Foreman, and M. J. Bloemer, “Taming the thermal emissivity of metals: A metamaterial approach,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 201109 (2012).
[Crossref]

Au, Y.-Y.

Barnakov, Y. A.

E. E. Narimanov, H. Li, Y. A. Barnakov, T. U. Tumkur, and M. A. Noginov, “Darker than black: radiation-absorbing metamaterial,” arXiv:1109.5469 [cond-mat, physics:physics] (2011).

Basov, D. N.

S. Dai, Z. Fei, Q. Ma, A. S. Rodin, M. Wagner, A. S. McLeod, M. K. Liu, W. Gannett, W. Regan, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, M. Thiemens, G. Dominguez, A. H. C. Neto, A. Zettl, F. Keilmann, P. Jarillo-Herrero, M. M. Fogler, and D. N. Basov, “Tunable phonon polaritons in atomically thin van der waals crystals of boron nitride,” Science 343, 1125–1129 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ben-Abdallah, P.

S.-A. Biehs, M. Tschikin, and P. Ben-Abdallah, “Hyperbolic metamaterials as an analog of a blackbody in the near field,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 104301 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bermel, P.

Y. X. Yeng, M. Ghebrebrhan, P. Bermel, W. R. Chan, J. D. Joannopoulos, M. Soljačić, and I. Celanovic, “Enabling high-temperature nanophotonics for energy applications,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 2280–2285 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Bermel, M. Ghebrebrhan, M. Harradon, Y. X. Yeng, I. Celanovic, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, “Tailoring photonic metamaterial resonances for thermal radiation,” Nanoscale Res. Lett..  6, 549 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bezares, F. J.

Y. Chen, Y. Francescato, J. D. Caldwell, V. Giannini, T. W. W. Ma, O. J. Glembocki, F. J. Bezares, T. Taubner, R. Kasica, M. Hong, and S. A. Maier, “Spectral tuning of localized surface phonon polariton resonators for low-loss mid-IR applications,” ACS Photonics 1, 718–724 (2014).
[Crossref]

Biehs, S.-A.

S.-A. Biehs, M. Tschikin, and P. Ben-Abdallah, “Hyperbolic metamaterials as an analog of a blackbody in the near field,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 104301 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Kittel, W. Müller-Hirsch, J. Parisi, S.-A. Biehs, D. Reddig, and M. Holthaus, “Near-field heat transfer in a scanning thermal microscope,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 224301 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bloemer, M. J.

N. Mattiucci, G. D’Aguanno, A. Alù, C. Argyropoulos, J. V. Foreman, and M. J. Bloemer, “Taming the thermal emissivity of metals: A metamaterial approach,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 201109 (2012).
[Crossref]

Bohren, C. F.

C. F. Bohren and D. R. Huffman, Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles (Wiley-VCH, 1998).
[Crossref]

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[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. D. Caldwell, A. V. Kretinin, Y. Chen, V. Giannini, M. M. Fogler, Y. Francescato, C. T. Ellis, J. G. Tischler, C. R. Woods, A. J. Giles, M. Hong, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, S. A. Maier, and K. S. Novoselov, “Sub-diffractional volume-confined polaritons in the natural hyperbolic material hexagonal boron nitride,” Nat. Commun.5 (2014).
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Whiting, B. F.

R. S. Ottens, V. Quetschke, S. Wise, A. A. Alemi, R. Lundock, G. Mueller, D. H. Reitze, D. B. Tanner, and B. F. Whiting, “Near-field radiative heat transfer between macroscopic planar surfaces,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 014301 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wise, S.

R. S. Ottens, V. Quetschke, S. Wise, A. A. Alemi, R. Lundock, G. Mueller, D. H. Reitze, D. B. Tanner, and B. F. Whiting, “Near-field radiative heat transfer between macroscopic planar surfaces,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 014301 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Woods, C. R.

J. D. Caldwell, A. V. Kretinin, Y. Chen, V. Giannini, M. M. Fogler, Y. Francescato, C. T. Ellis, J. G. Tischler, C. R. Woods, A. J. Giles, M. Hong, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, S. A. Maier, and K. S. Novoselov, “Sub-diffractional volume-confined polaritons in the natural hyperbolic material hexagonal boron nitride,” Nat. Commun.5 (2014).
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Z. Liu, H. Lee, Y. Xiong, C. Sun, and X. Zhang, “Far-field optical hyperlens magnifying sub-diffraction-limited objects,” Science 315, 1686 (2007).
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Yariv, A.

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Y. X. Yeng, M. Ghebrebrhan, P. Bermel, W. R. Chan, J. D. Joannopoulos, M. Soljačić, and I. Celanovic, “Enabling high-temperature nanophotonics for energy applications,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 2280–2285 (2012).
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P. Bermel, M. Ghebrebrhan, M. Harradon, Y. X. Yeng, I. Celanovic, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, “Tailoring photonic metamaterial resonances for thermal radiation,” Nanoscale Res. Lett..  6, 549 (2011).
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Z. Yu, N. P. Sergeant, T. Skauli, G. Zhang, H. Wang, and S. Fan, “Enhancing far-field thermal emission with thermal extraction,” Nat. Commun..  4, 1730 (2013).
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Zeng, X.

D. Ji, H. Song, X. Zeng, H. Hu, K. Liu, N. Zhang, and Q. Gan, “Broadband absorption engineering of hyperbolic metafilm patterns,” Sci. Rep.4 (2014).
[Crossref]

Zettl, A.

S. Dai, Z. Fei, Q. Ma, A. S. Rodin, M. Wagner, A. S. McLeod, M. K. Liu, W. Gannett, W. Regan, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, M. Thiemens, G. Dominguez, A. H. C. Neto, A. Zettl, F. Keilmann, P. Jarillo-Herrero, M. M. Fogler, and D. N. Basov, “Tunable phonon polaritons in atomically thin van der waals crystals of boron nitride,” Science 343, 1125–1129 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, G.

Z. Yu, N. P. Sergeant, T. Skauli, G. Zhang, H. Wang, and S. Fan, “Enhancing far-field thermal emission with thermal extraction,” Nat. Commun..  4, 1730 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, N.

D. Ji, H. Song, X. Zeng, H. Hu, K. Liu, N. Zhang, and Q. Gan, “Broadband absorption engineering of hyperbolic metafilm patterns,” Sci. Rep.4 (2014).
[Crossref]

Zhang, X.

Z. Liu, H. Lee, Y. Xiong, C. Sun, and X. Zhang, “Far-field optical hyperlens magnifying sub-diffraction-limited objects,” Science 315, 1686 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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O. Kidwai, S. V. Zhukovsky, and J. E. Sipe, “Effective-medium approach to planar multilayer hyperbolic meta-materials: Strengths and limitations,” Phys. Rev. A 85, 053842 (2012).
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Y. Chen, Y. Francescato, J. D. Caldwell, V. Giannini, T. W. W. Ma, O. J. Glembocki, F. J. Bezares, T. Taubner, R. Kasica, M. Hong, and S. A. Maier, “Spectral tuning of localized surface phonon polariton resonators for low-loss mid-IR applications,” ACS Photonics 1, 718–724 (2014).
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J. Scheuer, W. M. J. Green, G. A. DeRose, and A. Yariv, “InGaAsP annular bragg lasers: theory, applications, and modal properties,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 11, 476–484 (2005).
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Nanoscale Res. Lett. (1)

P. Bermel, M. Ghebrebrhan, M. Harradon, Y. X. Yeng, I. Celanovic, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, “Tailoring photonic metamaterial resonances for thermal radiation,” Nanoscale Res. Lett..  6, 549 (2011).
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Nat. Commun. (1)

Z. Yu, N. P. Sergeant, T. Skauli, G. Zhang, H. Wang, and S. Fan, “Enhancing far-field thermal emission with thermal extraction,” Nat. Commun..  4, 1730 (2013).
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Nature (1)

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Z. Liu, H. Lee, Y. Xiong, C. Sun, and X. Zhang, “Far-field optical hyperlens magnifying sub-diffraction-limited objects,” Science 315, 1686 (2007).
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J. D. Caldwell, A. V. Kretinin, Y. Chen, V. Giannini, M. M. Fogler, Y. Francescato, C. T. Ellis, J. G. Tischler, C. R. Woods, A. J. Giles, M. Hong, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, S. A. Maier, and K. S. Novoselov, “Sub-diffractional volume-confined polaritons in the natural hyperbolic material hexagonal boron nitride,” Nat. Commun.5 (2014).
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Figures (5)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 (a) Absorption efficiency, or equivalently emissivity, versus size of lens b for core size of a = 0.1λ with different lenses surrounding a plasmonic core. Core-Vacuum (black dotted line) indicates Qabs of only a core of size a. Qabs for the core-HMM lens calculated using EMT, TMM-md and TMM-dm are shown as the dark blue solid, green dashed and the red dotted-dashed line, respectively. There are many resonant peaks that enhance the emissivity over that of the bare core when the HMM lens is present. Inset: Schematic of the geometry. The core and the lens have radius a and b, respectively. (b) Partial contribution to total absorption efficiency for each angular mode m in (a). The dashed black line is the single-channel limit defined in the text. The mode m = 4 achieves the single channel limit, unlike m = 3.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) Partial emissivity versus wavelength assuming that all optical properties follow a Drude model. Only a few angular modes contribute to radiative transfer at specific wavelengths. Inset: relative permittivities (ερ,εθ) of the HMM lens for the range of wavelengths considered. The red dashed line at 10μm indicates the permittivities used in Fig. 1. (b) Product of partial emissivity Qabs,m, as in (a), versus wavelength for two size parameters k0b = 2.6 and k0b = 1.8 for the modes m = 3,4,5. There is very little overlap of all modes as two systems do not share an angular mode resonance. (c) Real and imaginary part of am defined in Eq. (1) for m = 4 in Fig. 1. This angular mode satisfies the condition for single-channel limit at the chosen size parameter of k0b = 1.8.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Field magnitude |Hz| plotted versus x and y coordinates normalized by wavelength, of mode |m| for the EMT-md case in Fig. 1(a). (a) |m| = 3, k0b ≈ 1.1. (b) |m| = 4, k0b ≈ 1 9. (c) |m| = 3, k0b ≈ 1.62 and (d) |m| =4, and k0b ≈ 1.62. The dashed white circles represent the approximate inner and outer boundaries of the lens. (a) and (b) are at size parameters of resonances in Fig. 1(a) and we observe a dominant confined single mode with high field magnitude. However, (c) and (d) correspond to an off-resonant size parameter in which both modes are not confined and have lower field magnitudes than (a) and (b).

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 (a) Log plot of the imaginary part of the Fresnel reflection coefficient Im(Rp), indicating the magnitude of absorption of the incident evanescent field, using pTMM for different values of k║/k0 and number of metal-dielectric bi-layers N. The HMM lowers the parallel momentum required for the resonance with slow variation versus number of bi-layers. (b) log[Im(Rp)] for the planar case in (a) compared to the peak positions of the TMM-md case (symbols) in Fig. 1(b) for different equivalent values of m and size parameter k0b. The agreement between the planar and cylindrical calculations indicates that the composite plasmonic resonances are of the same nature. (c) Partial emissivity Qabs,m for m = 4 mode at a size parameter of k0b ≈ 1.8 for EMT-HMM case in Fig. 1(a) for different values of ερ and εθ. The region of interest for selective heating is ερ > 5,εθ < 0 for which the emissivity of the resonant mode is largest.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Partial emissivity Qabs,m versus wavelength for m = 3,4,5 with loss (solid lines) and without loss (dashed lines) in the HMM lens (where a = 1 μm and k0b = 1.8 for the mode m = 4 in Fig. 1). The presence of loss in the lens decreases the resonant absorption peak, m = 4, while the difference in emissivity between off-resonant modes such as m = 3 and the resonant m = 4 mode decrease. The colors indicating mode number m are the same for Qabs,m with and without loss.

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Equations (2)

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H z ( r → ) { ∑ m = − ∞ ∞ ( i ) m ( J m ( k 0 ρ ) − a m H m ( 1 ) ( k 0 ρ ) ) exp ( i m ϕ ) : ∑ m = − ∞ ∞ ( i ) m ( c m ( j ) J m ( k j ρ ) + d m ( j ) H m ( 1 ) ( k j ρ ) ) exp ( i m ϕ ) : ∑ m = − ∞ ∞ ( i ) m b m J m ( k j ρ ) exp ( i m ϕ ) : ρ > b a < ρ < b ρ < a
Q a b s = ∑ m = − ∞ ∞ Q a b s , m = 2 k 0 a ∑ m = − ∞ ∞ Re ( a m ) − | a m | 2

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