Dual layer electrode liquid crystal lens for 2D/3D tunable endoscopy imaging system

Amir Hassanfiroozi; Yi-Pai Huang; Bahram Javidi; Han-Ping D. Shieh

doi:10.1364/OE.24.008527

Dual layer electrode liquid crystal lens for 2D/3D tunable endoscopy imaging system

Amir Hassanfiroozi, Yi-Pai Huang, Bahram Javidi, and Han-Ping D. Shieh

Optics Express
Vol. 24,
Issue 8,
pp. 8527-8538
(2016)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.008527

Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
Amir Hassanfiroozi, Yi-Pai Huang, Bahram Javidi, and Han-Ping D. Shieh, "Dual layer electrode liquid crystal lens for 2D/3D tunable endoscopy imaging system," Opt. Express 24, 8527-8538 (2016)

Export Citation
- BibTex
- Endnote (RIS)
- HTML
- Plain Text
Get PDF (5536 KB)
Set citation alerts
Save article

Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Optical Devices
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Endoscopic imaging (170.2150)
- Nonlinear optics, devices (190.4360)
- Liquid-crystal devices (230.3720)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: February 23, 2016
- Revised Manuscript: April 5, 2016
- Manuscript Accepted: April 7, 2016
- Published: April 11, 2016
Virtual Issues
Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 11, Iss. 5

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

In this paper, we demonstrate a multi-functional liquid-crystal lens (MFLC-lens) based on dual-layer electrode design. Compared with the previous 3D endoscopes, which use double fixed lens capturing, the proposed LC lens is not only switchable between 2D and 3D modes, but also is able to adjust focus in both modes. The diameter of the MFLC-lens is only 1.42mm, which is much smaller than the available 3D endoscopes with double fixed lenses. To achieve the MFLC-lens, a high-resistance layer needs to be coated on the electrode to generate an ideal gradient electric-field distribution, which can induce a lens-like form of LC molecules. The parameters of high-resistive layer are investigated and discussed with an aim to optimize the performance of the MFLC-lens.

Full Article | PDF Article

OSA Recommended Articles

Hexagonal liquid crystal lens array for 3D endoscopy

Amir Hassanfiroozi, Yi-Pai Huang, Bahram Javidi, and Han-Ping D. Shieh
Opt. Express 23(2) 971-981 (2015)

High-resistance liquid-crystal lens array for rotatable 2D/3D autostereoscopic display

Yu-Cheng Chang, Tai-Hsiang Jen, Chih-Hung Ting, and Yi-Pai Huang
Opt. Express 22(3) 2714-2724 (2014)

An electrically tunable-focusing liquid crystal lens with a low voltage and simple electrodes

Hung-Chun Lin and Yi-Hsin Lin
Opt. Express 20(3) 2045-2052 (2012)

References

View by:
Article Order
|
Year
|
Author
|
Publication

S. Sato, “Liquid-crystal lens-cells with variable focal length,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 18(9), 1679–1684 (1979).
[Crossref]
M. Ye and S. Sato, “Optical properties of liquid crystal lens of any size,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(5B), L571–L573 (2002).
S. Sato, “Applications of liquid crystals to variable-focusing lenses,” Opt. Rev. 6(6), 471–485 (1999).
[Crossref]
T. Nose, S. Masuda, and S. Sato, “A liquid crystal microlens with hole-patterned electrodes on both substrates,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 31(5B), 1643–1646 (1992).
[Crossref]
M. Ye, B. Wang, and S. Sato, “Liquid-crystal lens with a focal length that is variable in a wide range,” Appl. Opt. 43(35), 6407–6412 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Ren and S. T. Wu, “Adaptive liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability,” Opt. Express 14(23), 11292–11298 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Sato, “Liquid-crystal lens-cells with variable focal length,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 18(9), 1679–1684 (1979).
[Crossref]
B. Wang, M. Ye, M. Honma, T. Nose, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens with spherical electrode,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(11A), L1232–L1233 (2002).
[Crossref]
H. Ren, D. W. Fox, B. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability and low operating voltage,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11328–11335 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Ye, S. Hayasaka, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens array with hexagonal-hole-patterned electrodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43(9A), 6108–6111 (2004).
[Crossref]
H. C. Lin and Y. H. Lin, “A fast response and large electrically tunable-focusing imaging system based on switching of two modes of a liquid crystal lens,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(6), 063505 (2010).
[Crossref]
Y. H. Lin, H. S. Chen, H. C. Lin, Y. S. Tsou, H. K. Hsu, and W. Y. Li, “Polarizer-free and fast response microlens arrays using polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(11), 113505 (2010).
[Crossref]
H. Ren, S. Xu, and S.-T. Wu, “Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal microlens array with large dynamic range and fast response time,” Opt. Lett. 38(16), 3144–3147 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
O. Pishnyak, S. Sato, and O. D. Lavrentovich, “Electrically tunable lens based on a dual-frequency nematic liquid crystal,” Appl. Opt. 45(19), 4576–4582 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Y. Kao and P. C. P. Chao, “A new dual-frequency liquid crystal lens with ring-and-pie electrodes and a driving scheme to prevent disclination lines and improve recovery time,” Sensors (Basel) 11(12), 5402–5415 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C.-T. Lee, Y. Li, H.-Y. Lin, and S.-T. Wu, “Design of polarization-insensitive multi-electrode GRIN lens with a blue-phase liquid crystal,” Opt. Express 19(18), 17402–17407 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C. J. Hsu, P. C. P. Chao, and Y. Y. Kao, “A Thin Multi-Ring Negative Liquid Crystal Lens Enabled by High-k Dielectric Material,” Microsyst. Technol. 17(5–7), 923–929 (2011).
[Crossref]
Y. Li, Y. Liu, Q. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Polarization independent blue-phase liquid crystal cylindrical lens with a resistive film,” Appl. Opt. 51(14), 2568–2572 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Yamaguchi, and S. Sato, “Reducing driving voltages for liquid crystal lens using weakly conductive thin film,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 47(6), 4597–4599 (2008).
[Crossref]
M. Ye, B. Wang, and S. Sato, “Realization of liquid crystal lens of large aperture and low driving voltages using thin layer of weakly conductive material,” Opt. Express 16(6), 4302–4308 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Uchida, S. Yanase, S. Takahashi, and S. Sato, “Focus tuning by liquid crystal lens in imaging system,” Appl. Opt. 51(31), 7630–7635 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C.-W. Chen, M. Cho, Y.-P. Huang, and B. Javidi, “Three-dimensional imaging with axially distributed sensing using electronically controlled liquid crystal lens,” Opt. Lett. 37(19), 4125–4127 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Liu, H. Ren, S. Xu, Y. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Fast-response liquid-crystal lens for 3D displays,” Proc. SPIE 9005, 900503 (2014), doi:.
[Crossref]
Y.-C. Chang, T.-H. Jen, C.-H. Ting, and Y.-P. Huang, “High-resistance liquid-crystal lens array for rotatable 2D/3D autostereoscopic display,” Opt. Express 22(3), 2714–2724 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
V. Urruchi, J. F. Algorri, C. Marcos, and J. M. Sánchez-Pena, “Note: Electrical modeling and characterization of voltage gradient in liquid crystal microlenses,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84(11), 116105 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
G. Shibuya, H. Yoshida, and M. Ozaki, “High-speed driving of liquid crystal lens with weakly conductive thin films and voltage booster,” Appl. Opt. 54(27), 8145–8151 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Kawamura, K. Nakamura, and S. Sato, “Liquid-crystal micro-lens array with two-divided and tetragonally hole-patterned electrodes,” Opt. Express 21(22), 26520–26526 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. S. Chen and Y. H. Lin, “An electrically tunable endoscopic system by adding a liquid crystal lens to enlarge and shift depth-of field,” Opt. Express 21(15), 18079–18088 (2013).
S. Kuiper, “Electrowetting-based liquid lenses for endoscopy,” Proc. SPIE 7930, 793008 (2011).
[Crossref]
H.-S. Chen and Y.-H. Lin, “An endoscopic system adopting a liquid crystal lens with an electrically tunable depth-of-field,” Opt. Express 21(15), 18079–18088 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. W. Seo, S. Han, J. H. Seo, Y. M. Kim, M. S. Kang, N. K. Min, W. B. Choi, and M. Y. Sung, “Microelectromechanical-system-based variable-focus liquid lens for capsule endoscopes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 48(5), 052404 (2009).
[Crossref]
Y. H. Lin and H. S. Chen, “Electrically tunable-focusing and polarizer-free liquid crystal lenses for ophthalmic applications,” Opt. Express 21(8), 9428–9436 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Uchida, S. Yanase, S. Takahashi, and S. Sato, “Focus tuning by liquid crystal lens in imaging system,” Appl. Opt. 51(31), 7630–7635 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. P. Huang, C. W. Chen, and Y.-C. Huang, “Superzone Fresnel Liquid Crystal Lens for Temporal Scanning Auto-stereoscopic Display,” IEEE J. Display Technol. 8(11), 650–655 (2012).
[Crossref]
H. Li, F. Pan, Y. Wu, Y. Zhang, and X. Xie, “Three-dimensional imaging based on electronically adaptive liquid crystal lens,” Appl. Opt. 53(33), 7916–7923 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. S. Chen, M. S. Chen, and Y. H. Lin, “An electrically tunable depth-of-field endoscope using a liquid crystal lens as an active focusing element,” Proc. SPIE 8828, Liq. Cryst. XVII, 88281C (2013).
A. Hassanfiroozi, Y.-P. Huang, B. Javidi, and H.-P. D. Shieh, “Hexagonal liquid crystal lens array for 3D endoscopy,” Opt. Express 23(2), 971–981 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y.-J. Wang, X. Shen, Y.-H. Lin, and B. Javidi, “Extended depth-of-field 3D endoscopy with synthetic aperture integral imaging using an electrically tunable focal-length liquid-crystal lens,” Opt. Lett. 40(15), 3564–3567 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. M. Fenske, Q. Liu, R. J. Sclabassi, and M. Sun, “A Design of a Liquid Crystal Based Single-Lens Stereo Endoscope,” in Proceedings of the IEEE 32nd Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, April 2006, pp.43–44.
[Crossref]
P. de Gennes and J. Prost, The Physics of Liquid Crystal (Clarendon, 1993).
H. De Smet, J. Van den Steen, and D. Cuypers, “Electrical model of a liquid crystal pixel with dynamic, voltage history-dependent capacitance value,” Liq. Cryst. 31(5), 705–711 (2004).
[Crossref]
J. H. Kim, T.-Y. Seong, S.-I. Na, K.-B. Chung, H.-M. Lee, and H.-K. Kim, “Highly transparent Nb-doped indium oxide electrodes for organic solar cells,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 32(2), 021202 (2014), doi:.
[Crossref]
X. Nie, R. Lu, H. Xianyu, T. X. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Anchoring energy and cell gap effects on liquid crystal response time,” J. Appl. Phys. 101(10), 103110 (2007), doi:.
[Crossref]
S.-J. Hwang, T.-A. Chen, K.-R. Lin, and S.-C. Jeng, “Ultraviolet light treated polyimide alignment layers for polarization-independent liquid crystal Fresnel lenses,” Appl. Phys. B 107(1), 151–155 (2012).
[Crossref]
S. Dhara and N. V. Madhusudana, “Ionic contribution to the dielectric properties of a nematic liquid crystal in thin cells,” N. V. J. Appl. Phys. 90(7), 3483–3488 (2001), doi:.
[Crossref]
A. L. Alexe-Ionescu, G. Barbero, and I. Lelidis, “Complex Dielectric Constant of a Nematic Liquid Crystal Containing Two Types of Ions: Limit of Validity of the Superposition Principle,” J. Phys. Chem. B 113(44), 14747–14753 (2009), doi:.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2015 (3)

G. Shibuya, H. Yoshida, and M. Ozaki, “High-speed driving of liquid crystal lens with weakly conductive thin films and voltage booster,” Appl. Opt. 54(27), 8145–8151 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Hassanfiroozi, Y.-P. Huang, B. Javidi, and H.-P. D. Shieh, “Hexagonal liquid crystal lens array for 3D endoscopy,” Opt. Express 23(2), 971–981 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y.-J. Wang, X. Shen, Y.-H. Lin, and B. Javidi, “Extended depth-of-field 3D endoscopy with synthetic aperture integral imaging using an electrically tunable focal-length liquid-crystal lens,” Opt. Lett. 40(15), 3564–3567 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2014 (4)

H. Li, F. Pan, Y. Wu, Y. Zhang, and X. Xie, “Three-dimensional imaging based on electronically adaptive liquid crystal lens,” Appl. Opt. 53(33), 7916–7923 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Liu, H. Ren, S. Xu, Y. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Fast-response liquid-crystal lens for 3D displays,” Proc. SPIE 9005, 900503 (2014), doi:.
[Crossref]

Y.-C. Chang, T.-H. Jen, C.-H. Ting, and Y.-P. Huang, “High-resistance liquid-crystal lens array for rotatable 2D/3D autostereoscopic display,” Opt. Express 22(3), 2714–2724 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. H. Kim, T.-Y. Seong, S.-I. Na, K.-B. Chung, H.-M. Lee, and H.-K. Kim, “Highly transparent Nb-doped indium oxide electrodes for organic solar cells,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 32(2), 021202 (2014), doi:.
[Crossref]

2013 (7)

V. Urruchi, J. F. Algorri, C. Marcos, and J. M. Sánchez-Pena, “Note: Electrical modeling and characterization of voltage gradient in liquid crystal microlenses,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84(11), 116105 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Kawamura, K. Nakamura, and S. Sato, “Liquid-crystal micro-lens array with two-divided and tetragonally hole-patterned electrodes,” Opt. Express 21(22), 26520–26526 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. S. Chen and Y. H. Lin, “An electrically tunable endoscopic system by adding a liquid crystal lens to enlarge and shift depth-of field,” Opt. Express 21(15), 18079–18088 (2013).

H. S. Chen, M. S. Chen, and Y. H. Lin, “An electrically tunable depth-of-field endoscope using a liquid crystal lens as an active focusing element,” Proc. SPIE 8828, Liq. Cryst. XVII, 88281C (2013).

H.-S. Chen and Y.-H. Lin, “An endoscopic system adopting a liquid crystal lens with an electrically tunable depth-of-field,” Opt. Express 21(15), 18079–18088 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. H. Lin and H. S. Chen, “Electrically tunable-focusing and polarizer-free liquid crystal lenses for ophthalmic applications,” Opt. Express 21(8), 9428–9436 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Ren, S. Xu, and S.-T. Wu, “Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal microlens array with large dynamic range and fast response time,” Opt. Lett. 38(16), 3144–3147 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (6)

Y. Li, Y. Liu, Q. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Polarization independent blue-phase liquid crystal cylindrical lens with a resistive film,” Appl. Opt. 51(14), 2568–2572 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Uchida, S. Yanase, S. Takahashi, and S. Sato, “Focus tuning by liquid crystal lens in imaging system,” Appl. Opt. 51(31), 7630–7635 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. P. Huang, C. W. Chen, and Y.-C. Huang, “Superzone Fresnel Liquid Crystal Lens for Temporal Scanning Auto-stereoscopic Display,” IEEE J. Display Technol. 8(11), 650–655 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Uchida, S. Yanase, S. Takahashi, and S. Sato, “Focus tuning by liquid crystal lens in imaging system,” Appl. Opt. 51(31), 7630–7635 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C.-W. Chen, M. Cho, Y.-P. Huang, and B. Javidi, “Three-dimensional imaging with axially distributed sensing using electronically controlled liquid crystal lens,” Opt. Lett. 37(19), 4125–4127 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S.-J. Hwang, T.-A. Chen, K.-R. Lin, and S.-C. Jeng, “Ultraviolet light treated polyimide alignment layers for polarization-independent liquid crystal Fresnel lenses,” Appl. Phys. B 107(1), 151–155 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (4)

S. Kuiper, “Electrowetting-based liquid lenses for endoscopy,” Proc. SPIE 7930, 793008 (2011).
[Crossref]

Y. Y. Kao and P. C. P. Chao, “A new dual-frequency liquid crystal lens with ring-and-pie electrodes and a driving scheme to prevent disclination lines and improve recovery time,” Sensors (Basel) 11(12), 5402–5415 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C.-T. Lee, Y. Li, H.-Y. Lin, and S.-T. Wu, “Design of polarization-insensitive multi-electrode GRIN lens with a blue-phase liquid crystal,” Opt. Express 19(18), 17402–17407 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. J. Hsu, P. C. P. Chao, and Y. Y. Kao, “A Thin Multi-Ring Negative Liquid Crystal Lens Enabled by High-k Dielectric Material,” Microsyst. Technol. 17(5–7), 923–929 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (2)

H. C. Lin and Y. H. Lin, “A fast response and large electrically tunable-focusing imaging system based on switching of two modes of a liquid crystal lens,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(6), 063505 (2010).
[Crossref]

Y. H. Lin, H. S. Chen, H. C. Lin, Y. S. Tsou, H. K. Hsu, and W. Y. Li, “Polarizer-free and fast response microlens arrays using polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(11), 113505 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (2)

S. W. Seo, S. Han, J. H. Seo, Y. M. Kim, M. S. Kang, N. K. Min, W. B. Choi, and M. Y. Sung, “Microelectromechanical-system-based variable-focus liquid lens for capsule endoscopes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 48(5), 052404 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. L. Alexe-Ionescu, G. Barbero, and I. Lelidis, “Complex Dielectric Constant of a Nematic Liquid Crystal Containing Two Types of Ions: Limit of Validity of the Superposition Principle,” J. Phys. Chem. B 113(44), 14747–14753 (2009), doi:.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (2)

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Yamaguchi, and S. Sato, “Reducing driving voltages for liquid crystal lens using weakly conductive thin film,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 47(6), 4597–4599 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. Ye, B. Wang, and S. Sato, “Realization of liquid crystal lens of large aperture and low driving voltages using thin layer of weakly conductive material,” Opt. Express 16(6), 4302–4308 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (2)

H. Ren, D. W. Fox, B. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability and low operating voltage,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11328–11335 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Nie, R. Lu, H. Xianyu, T. X. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Anchoring energy and cell gap effects on liquid crystal response time,” J. Appl. Phys. 101(10), 103110 (2007), doi:.
[Crossref]

2006 (2)

H. Ren and S. T. Wu, “Adaptive liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability,” Opt. Express 14(23), 11292–11298 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

O. Pishnyak, S. Sato, and O. D. Lavrentovich, “Electrically tunable lens based on a dual-frequency nematic liquid crystal,” Appl. Opt. 45(19), 4576–4582 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (3)

M. Ye, S. Hayasaka, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens array with hexagonal-hole-patterned electrodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43(9A), 6108–6111 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Ye, B. Wang, and S. Sato, “Liquid-crystal lens with a focal length that is variable in a wide range,” Appl. Opt. 43(35), 6407–6412 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. De Smet, J. Van den Steen, and D. Cuypers, “Electrical model of a liquid crystal pixel with dynamic, voltage history-dependent capacitance value,” Liq. Cryst. 31(5), 705–711 (2004).
[Crossref]

2002 (2)

M. Ye and S. Sato, “Optical properties of liquid crystal lens of any size,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(5B), L571–L573 (2002).

B. Wang, M. Ye, M. Honma, T. Nose, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens with spherical electrode,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(11A), L1232–L1233 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

S. Dhara and N. V. Madhusudana, “Ionic contribution to the dielectric properties of a nematic liquid crystal in thin cells,” N. V. J. Appl. Phys. 90(7), 3483–3488 (2001), doi:.
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

S. Sato, “Applications of liquid crystals to variable-focusing lenses,” Opt. Rev. 6(6), 471–485 (1999).
[Crossref]

1992 (1)

T. Nose, S. Masuda, and S. Sato, “A liquid crystal microlens with hole-patterned electrodes on both substrates,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 31(5B), 1643–1646 (1992).
[Crossref]

1979 (2)

S. Sato, “Liquid-crystal lens-cells with variable focal length,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 18(9), 1679–1684 (1979).
[Crossref]

Alexe-Ionescu, A. L.

Algorri, J. F.

Barbero, G.

Chang, Y.-C.

Chao, P. C. P.

C. J. Hsu, P. C. P. Chao, and Y. Y. Kao, “A Thin Multi-Ring Negative Liquid Crystal Lens Enabled by High-k Dielectric Material,” Microsyst. Technol. 17(5–7), 923–929 (2011).
[Crossref]

Chen, C. W.

Y. P. Huang, C. W. Chen, and Y.-C. Huang, “Superzone Fresnel Liquid Crystal Lens for Temporal Scanning Auto-stereoscopic Display,” IEEE J. Display Technol. 8(11), 650–655 (2012).
[Crossref]

Chen, C.-W.

Chen, H. S.

H. S. Chen and Y. H. Lin, “An electrically tunable endoscopic system by adding a liquid crystal lens to enlarge and shift depth-of field,” Opt. Express 21(15), 18079–18088 (2013).

Y. H. Lin and H. S. Chen, “Electrically tunable-focusing and polarizer-free liquid crystal lenses for ophthalmic applications,” Opt. Express 21(8), 9428–9436 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, H.-S.

H.-S. Chen and Y.-H. Lin, “An endoscopic system adopting a liquid crystal lens with an electrically tunable depth-of-field,” Opt. Express 21(15), 18079–18088 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, M. S.

Chen, T.-A.

Cho, M.

Choi, W. B.

Chung, K.-B.

Cuypers, D.

De Smet, H.

Dhara, S.

S. Dhara and N. V. Madhusudana, “Ionic contribution to the dielectric properties of a nematic liquid crystal in thin cells,” N. V. J. Appl. Phys. 90(7), 3483–3488 (2001), doi:.
[Crossref]

Fox, D. W.

H. Ren, D. W. Fox, B. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability and low operating voltage,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11328–11335 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Han, S.

Hassanfiroozi, A.

A. Hassanfiroozi, Y.-P. Huang, B. Javidi, and H.-P. D. Shieh, “Hexagonal liquid crystal lens array for 3D endoscopy,” Opt. Express 23(2), 971–981 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hayasaka, S.

M. Ye, S. Hayasaka, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens array with hexagonal-hole-patterned electrodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43(9A), 6108–6111 (2004).
[Crossref]

Honma, M.

B. Wang, M. Ye, M. Honma, T. Nose, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens with spherical electrode,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(11A), L1232–L1233 (2002).
[Crossref]

Hsu, C. J.

C. J. Hsu, P. C. P. Chao, and Y. Y. Kao, “A Thin Multi-Ring Negative Liquid Crystal Lens Enabled by High-k Dielectric Material,” Microsyst. Technol. 17(5–7), 923–929 (2011).
[Crossref]

Hsu, H. K.

Huang, Y. P.

Y. P. Huang, C. W. Chen, and Y.-C. Huang, “Superzone Fresnel Liquid Crystal Lens for Temporal Scanning Auto-stereoscopic Display,” IEEE J. Display Technol. 8(11), 650–655 (2012).
[Crossref]

Huang, Y.-C.

Y. P. Huang, C. W. Chen, and Y.-C. Huang, “Superzone Fresnel Liquid Crystal Lens for Temporal Scanning Auto-stereoscopic Display,” IEEE J. Display Technol. 8(11), 650–655 (2012).
[Crossref]

Huang, Y.-P.

A. Hassanfiroozi, Y.-P. Huang, B. Javidi, and H.-P. D. Shieh, “Hexagonal liquid crystal lens array for 3D endoscopy,” Opt. Express 23(2), 971–981 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hwang, S.-J.

Javidi, B.

A. Hassanfiroozi, Y.-P. Huang, B. Javidi, and H.-P. D. Shieh, “Hexagonal liquid crystal lens array for 3D endoscopy,” Opt. Express 23(2), 971–981 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jen, T.-H.

Jeng, S.-C.

Kang, M. S.

Kao, Y. Y.

C. J. Hsu, P. C. P. Chao, and Y. Y. Kao, “A Thin Multi-Ring Negative Liquid Crystal Lens Enabled by High-k Dielectric Material,” Microsyst. Technol. 17(5–7), 923–929 (2011).
[Crossref]

Kawamura, M.

Kim, H.-K.

Kim, J. H.

Kim, Y. M.

Kuiper, S.

S. Kuiper, “Electrowetting-based liquid lenses for endoscopy,” Proc. SPIE 7930, 793008 (2011).
[Crossref]

Lavrentovich, O. D.

O. Pishnyak, S. Sato, and O. D. Lavrentovich, “Electrically tunable lens based on a dual-frequency nematic liquid crystal,” Appl. Opt. 45(19), 4576–4582 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, C.-T.

Lee, H.-M.

Lelidis, I.

Li, H.

H. Li, F. Pan, Y. Wu, Y. Zhang, and X. Xie, “Three-dimensional imaging based on electronically adaptive liquid crystal lens,” Appl. Opt. 53(33), 7916–7923 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, Q.

Y. Li, Y. Liu, Q. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Polarization independent blue-phase liquid crystal cylindrical lens with a resistive film,” Appl. Opt. 51(14), 2568–2572 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, W. Y.

Li, Y.

Y. Liu, H. Ren, S. Xu, Y. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Fast-response liquid-crystal lens for 3D displays,” Proc. SPIE 9005, 900503 (2014), doi:.
[Crossref]

Y. Li, Y. Liu, Q. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Polarization independent blue-phase liquid crystal cylindrical lens with a resistive film,” Appl. Opt. 51(14), 2568–2572 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lin, H. C.

Lin, H.-Y.

Lin, K.-R.

Lin, Y. H.

Y. H. Lin and H. S. Chen, “Electrically tunable-focusing and polarizer-free liquid crystal lenses for ophthalmic applications,” Opt. Express 21(8), 9428–9436 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. S. Chen and Y. H. Lin, “An electrically tunable endoscopic system by adding a liquid crystal lens to enlarge and shift depth-of field,” Opt. Express 21(15), 18079–18088 (2013).

Lin, Y.-H.

H.-S. Chen and Y.-H. Lin, “An endoscopic system adopting a liquid crystal lens with an electrically tunable depth-of-field,” Opt. Express 21(15), 18079–18088 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, Y.

Y. Liu, H. Ren, S. Xu, Y. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Fast-response liquid-crystal lens for 3D displays,” Proc. SPIE 9005, 900503 (2014), doi:.
[Crossref]

Y. Li, Y. Liu, Q. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Polarization independent blue-phase liquid crystal cylindrical lens with a resistive film,” Appl. Opt. 51(14), 2568–2572 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lu, R.

X. Nie, R. Lu, H. Xianyu, T. X. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Anchoring energy and cell gap effects on liquid crystal response time,” J. Appl. Phys. 101(10), 103110 (2007), doi:.
[Crossref]

Madhusudana, N. V.

S. Dhara and N. V. Madhusudana, “Ionic contribution to the dielectric properties of a nematic liquid crystal in thin cells,” N. V. J. Appl. Phys. 90(7), 3483–3488 (2001), doi:.
[Crossref]

Marcos, C.

Masuda, S.

T. Nose, S. Masuda, and S. Sato, “A liquid crystal microlens with hole-patterned electrodes on both substrates,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 31(5B), 1643–1646 (1992).
[Crossref]

Min, N. K.

Na, S.-I.

Nakamura, K.

Nie, X.

X. Nie, R. Lu, H. Xianyu, T. X. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Anchoring energy and cell gap effects on liquid crystal response time,” J. Appl. Phys. 101(10), 103110 (2007), doi:.
[Crossref]

Nose, T.

B. Wang, M. Ye, M. Honma, T. Nose, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens with spherical electrode,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(11A), L1232–L1233 (2002).
[Crossref]

T. Nose, S. Masuda, and S. Sato, “A liquid crystal microlens with hole-patterned electrodes on both substrates,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 31(5B), 1643–1646 (1992).
[Crossref]

Ren, H.

Y. Liu, H. Ren, S. Xu, Y. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Fast-response liquid-crystal lens for 3D displays,” Proc. SPIE 9005, 900503 (2014), doi:.
[Crossref]

H. Ren, S. Xu, and S.-T. Wu, “Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal microlens array with large dynamic range and fast response time,” Opt. Lett. 38(16), 3144–3147 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Ren, D. W. Fox, B. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability and low operating voltage,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11328–11335 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Ren and S. T. Wu, “Adaptive liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability,” Opt. Express 14(23), 11292–11298 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sánchez-Pena, J. M.

Sato, S.

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Uchida, S. Yanase, S. Takahashi, and S. Sato, “Focus tuning by liquid crystal lens in imaging system,” Appl. Opt. 51(31), 7630–7635 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Yamaguchi, and S. Sato, “Reducing driving voltages for liquid crystal lens using weakly conductive thin film,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 47(6), 4597–4599 (2008).
[Crossref]

O. Pishnyak, S. Sato, and O. D. Lavrentovich, “Electrically tunable lens based on a dual-frequency nematic liquid crystal,” Appl. Opt. 45(19), 4576–4582 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Ye, B. Wang, and S. Sato, “Liquid-crystal lens with a focal length that is variable in a wide range,” Appl. Opt. 43(35), 6407–6412 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Ye, S. Hayasaka, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens array with hexagonal-hole-patterned electrodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43(9A), 6108–6111 (2004).
[Crossref]

B. Wang, M. Ye, M. Honma, T. Nose, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens with spherical electrode,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(11A), L1232–L1233 (2002).
[Crossref]

M. Ye and S. Sato, “Optical properties of liquid crystal lens of any size,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(5B), L571–L573 (2002).

S. Sato, “Applications of liquid crystals to variable-focusing lenses,” Opt. Rev. 6(6), 471–485 (1999).
[Crossref]

T. Nose, S. Masuda, and S. Sato, “A liquid crystal microlens with hole-patterned electrodes on both substrates,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 31(5B), 1643–1646 (1992).
[Crossref]

S. Sato, “Liquid-crystal lens-cells with variable focal length,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 18(9), 1679–1684 (1979).
[Crossref]

Seo, J. H.

Seo, S. W.

Seong, T.-Y.

Shen, X.

Shibuya, G.

G. Shibuya, H. Yoshida, and M. Ozaki, “High-speed driving of liquid crystal lens with weakly conductive thin films and voltage booster,” Appl. Opt. 54(27), 8145–8151 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shieh, H.-P. D.

A. Hassanfiroozi, Y.-P. Huang, B. Javidi, and H.-P. D. Shieh, “Hexagonal liquid crystal lens array for 3D endoscopy,” Opt. Express 23(2), 971–981 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sung, M. Y.

Takahashi, S.

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Uchida, S. Yanase, S. Takahashi, and S. Sato, “Focus tuning by liquid crystal lens in imaging system,” Appl. Opt. 51(31), 7630–7635 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ting, C.-H.

Tsou, Y. S.

Uchida, M.

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Uchida, S. Yanase, S. Takahashi, and S. Sato, “Focus tuning by liquid crystal lens in imaging system,” Appl. Opt. 51(31), 7630–7635 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Urruchi, V.

Van den Steen, J.

Wang, B.

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Uchida, S. Yanase, S. Takahashi, and S. Sato, “Focus tuning by liquid crystal lens in imaging system,” Appl. Opt. 51(31), 7630–7635 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Yamaguchi, and S. Sato, “Reducing driving voltages for liquid crystal lens using weakly conductive thin film,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 47(6), 4597–4599 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. Ye, B. Wang, and S. Sato, “Liquid-crystal lens with a focal length that is variable in a wide range,” Appl. Opt. 43(35), 6407–6412 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Wang, M. Ye, M. Honma, T. Nose, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens with spherical electrode,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(11A), L1232–L1233 (2002).
[Crossref]

Wang, Y.-J.

Wu, B.

H. Ren, D. W. Fox, B. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability and low operating voltage,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11328–11335 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wu, S. T.

Y. Liu, H. Ren, S. Xu, Y. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Fast-response liquid-crystal lens for 3D displays,” Proc. SPIE 9005, 900503 (2014), doi:.
[Crossref]

Y. Li, Y. Liu, Q. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Polarization independent blue-phase liquid crystal cylindrical lens with a resistive film,” Appl. Opt. 51(14), 2568–2572 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Ren and S. T. Wu, “Adaptive liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability,” Opt. Express 14(23), 11292–11298 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wu, S.-T.

H. Ren, S. Xu, and S.-T. Wu, “Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal microlens array with large dynamic range and fast response time,” Opt. Lett. 38(16), 3144–3147 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Ren, D. W. Fox, B. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability and low operating voltage,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11328–11335 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Nie, R. Lu, H. Xianyu, T. X. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Anchoring energy and cell gap effects on liquid crystal response time,” J. Appl. Phys. 101(10), 103110 (2007), doi:.
[Crossref]

Wu, T. X.

X. Nie, R. Lu, H. Xianyu, T. X. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Anchoring energy and cell gap effects on liquid crystal response time,” J. Appl. Phys. 101(10), 103110 (2007), doi:.
[Crossref]

Wu, Y.

H. Li, F. Pan, Y. Wu, Y. Zhang, and X. Xie, “Three-dimensional imaging based on electronically adaptive liquid crystal lens,” Appl. Opt. 53(33), 7916–7923 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Xianyu, H.

X. Nie, R. Lu, H. Xianyu, T. X. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Anchoring energy and cell gap effects on liquid crystal response time,” J. Appl. Phys. 101(10), 103110 (2007), doi:.
[Crossref]

Xie, X.

H. Li, F. Pan, Y. Wu, Y. Zhang, and X. Xie, “Three-dimensional imaging based on electronically adaptive liquid crystal lens,” Appl. Opt. 53(33), 7916–7923 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Xu, S.

Y. Liu, H. Ren, S. Xu, Y. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Fast-response liquid-crystal lens for 3D displays,” Proc. SPIE 9005, 900503 (2014), doi:.
[Crossref]

H. Ren, S. Xu, and S.-T. Wu, “Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal microlens array with large dynamic range and fast response time,” Opt. Lett. 38(16), 3144–3147 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yamaguchi, M.

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Yamaguchi, and S. Sato, “Reducing driving voltages for liquid crystal lens using weakly conductive thin film,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 47(6), 4597–4599 (2008).
[Crossref]

Yanase, S.

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Uchida, S. Yanase, S. Takahashi, and S. Sato, “Focus tuning by liquid crystal lens in imaging system,” Appl. Opt. 51(31), 7630–7635 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ye, M.

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Uchida, S. Yanase, S. Takahashi, and S. Sato, “Focus tuning by liquid crystal lens in imaging system,” Appl. Opt. 51(31), 7630–7635 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Yamaguchi, and S. Sato, “Reducing driving voltages for liquid crystal lens using weakly conductive thin film,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 47(6), 4597–4599 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. Ye, S. Hayasaka, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens array with hexagonal-hole-patterned electrodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43(9A), 6108–6111 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Ye, B. Wang, and S. Sato, “Liquid-crystal lens with a focal length that is variable in a wide range,” Appl. Opt. 43(35), 6407–6412 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Wang, M. Ye, M. Honma, T. Nose, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens with spherical electrode,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(11A), L1232–L1233 (2002).
[Crossref]

M. Ye and S. Sato, “Optical properties of liquid crystal lens of any size,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(5B), L571–L573 (2002).

Yoshida, H.

G. Shibuya, H. Yoshida, and M. Ozaki, “High-speed driving of liquid crystal lens with weakly conductive thin films and voltage booster,” Appl. Opt. 54(27), 8145–8151 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, Y.

H. Li, F. Pan, Y. Wu, Y. Zhang, and X. Xie, “Three-dimensional imaging based on electronically adaptive liquid crystal lens,” Appl. Opt. 53(33), 7916–7923 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Opt. (7)

M. Ye, B. Wang, and S. Sato, “Liquid-crystal lens with a focal length that is variable in a wide range,” Appl. Opt. 43(35), 6407–6412 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

O. Pishnyak, S. Sato, and O. D. Lavrentovich, “Electrically tunable lens based on a dual-frequency nematic liquid crystal,” Appl. Opt. 45(19), 4576–4582 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Li, Y. Liu, Q. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Polarization independent blue-phase liquid crystal cylindrical lens with a resistive film,” Appl. Opt. 51(14), 2568–2572 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Uchida, S. Yanase, S. Takahashi, and S. Sato, “Focus tuning by liquid crystal lens in imaging system,” Appl. Opt. 51(31), 7630–7635 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Shibuya, H. Yoshida, and M. Ozaki, “High-speed driving of liquid crystal lens with weakly conductive thin films and voltage booster,” Appl. Opt. 54(27), 8145–8151 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Uchida, S. Yanase, S. Takahashi, and S. Sato, “Focus tuning by liquid crystal lens in imaging system,” Appl. Opt. 51(31), 7630–7635 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Li, F. Pan, Y. Wu, Y. Zhang, and X. Xie, “Three-dimensional imaging based on electronically adaptive liquid crystal lens,” Appl. Opt. 53(33), 7916–7923 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. B (1)

Appl. Phys. Lett. (2)

IEEE J. Display Technol. (1)

Y. P. Huang, C. W. Chen, and Y.-C. Huang, “Superzone Fresnel Liquid Crystal Lens for Temporal Scanning Auto-stereoscopic Display,” IEEE J. Display Technol. 8(11), 650–655 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Appl. Phys. (1)

X. Nie, R. Lu, H. Xianyu, T. X. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Anchoring energy and cell gap effects on liquid crystal response time,” J. Appl. Phys. 101(10), 103110 (2007), doi:.
[Crossref]

J. Phys. Chem. B (1)

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A (1)

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. (8)

M. Ye, B. Wang, M. Yamaguchi, and S. Sato, “Reducing driving voltages for liquid crystal lens using weakly conductive thin film,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 47(6), 4597–4599 (2008).
[Crossref]

S. Sato, “Liquid-crystal lens-cells with variable focal length,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 18(9), 1679–1684 (1979).
[Crossref]

M. Ye and S. Sato, “Optical properties of liquid crystal lens of any size,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(5B), L571–L573 (2002).

S. Sato, “Liquid-crystal lens-cells with variable focal length,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 18(9), 1679–1684 (1979).
[Crossref]

B. Wang, M. Ye, M. Honma, T. Nose, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens with spherical electrode,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(11A), L1232–L1233 (2002).
[Crossref]

T. Nose, S. Masuda, and S. Sato, “A liquid crystal microlens with hole-patterned electrodes on both substrates,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 31(5B), 1643–1646 (1992).
[Crossref]

M. Ye, S. Hayasaka, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens array with hexagonal-hole-patterned electrodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43(9A), 6108–6111 (2004).
[Crossref]

Liq. Cryst. (1)

Microsyst. Technol. (1)

C. J. Hsu, P. C. P. Chao, and Y. Y. Kao, “A Thin Multi-Ring Negative Liquid Crystal Lens Enabled by High-k Dielectric Material,” Microsyst. Technol. 17(5–7), 923–929 (2011).
[Crossref]

N. V. J. Appl. Phys. (1)

S. Dhara and N. V. Madhusudana, “Ionic contribution to the dielectric properties of a nematic liquid crystal in thin cells,” N. V. J. Appl. Phys. 90(7), 3483–3488 (2001), doi:.
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (10)

H.-S. Chen and Y.-H. Lin, “An endoscopic system adopting a liquid crystal lens with an electrically tunable depth-of-field,” Opt. Express 21(15), 18079–18088 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Ren, D. W. Fox, B. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability and low operating voltage,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11328–11335 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Ren and S. T. Wu, “Adaptive liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability,” Opt. Express 14(23), 11292–11298 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. H. Lin and H. S. Chen, “Electrically tunable-focusing and polarizer-free liquid crystal lenses for ophthalmic applications,” Opt. Express 21(8), 9428–9436 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Hassanfiroozi, Y.-P. Huang, B. Javidi, and H.-P. D. Shieh, “Hexagonal liquid crystal lens array for 3D endoscopy,” Opt. Express 23(2), 971–981 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. S. Chen and Y. H. Lin, “An electrically tunable endoscopic system by adding a liquid crystal lens to enlarge and shift depth-of field,” Opt. Express 21(15), 18079–18088 (2013).

Opt. Lett. (3)

H. Ren, S. Xu, and S.-T. Wu, “Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal microlens array with large dynamic range and fast response time,” Opt. Lett. 38(16), 3144–3147 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Rev. (1)

S. Sato, “Applications of liquid crystals to variable-focusing lenses,” Opt. Rev. 6(6), 471–485 (1999).
[Crossref]

Proc. SPIE (2)

Y. Liu, H. Ren, S. Xu, Y. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Fast-response liquid-crystal lens for 3D displays,” Proc. SPIE 9005, 900503 (2014), doi:.
[Crossref]

S. Kuiper, “Electrowetting-based liquid lenses for endoscopy,” Proc. SPIE 7930, 793008 (2011).
[Crossref]

Proc. SPIE 8828, Liq. Cryst. (1)

Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1)

Sensors (Basel) (1)

Other (2)

M. M. Fenske, Q. Liu, R. J. Sclabassi, and M. Sun, “A Design of a Liquid Crystal Based Single-Lens Stereo Endoscope,” in Proceedings of the IEEE 32nd Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, April 2006, pp.43–44.
[Crossref]

P. de Gennes and J. Prost, The Physics of Liquid Crystal (Clarendon, 1993).

Cited By

OSA participates in Crossref's Cited-By Linking service. Citing articles from OSA journals and other participating publishers are listed here.

Alert me when this article is cited.

Click here to see a list of articles that cite this paper

Fig. 1 Cross-section of different LC lens, (a) external electrode LC lens, (b) internal electrode LC lens, (c) LC lens using a high-K layer, (d) LC lens using a high-R layer. The dashed line shows the potential.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 2 Top view of the electrode patterns and cross section of the MFLC-LC lens cell.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3 POM image of rubbing quality at different voltages (a) 4 Vrms (b) 8 Vrms; P: the transmission axis of the polarizer, A: the transmission axis of the analyzer, R: the direction of alignment of the substrate.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 4 AFM image of the Nb2O5 roughness for (a) sample 1, (b) sample 2, (c) sample 3, (d) sample 4, (e) sample 5, (f) sample 6, (g) sample 7, (h) sample 8 and (i) sample 9, [See Table 2], scan size is 1µm × 1µm.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 5 Interference patterns for LC lens at driving frequency of 1 kHz for Sample 1-10. The applied voltage is 6.0 Vrms.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 6 Interference patterns at driving frequencies of 10 kHz, 11.5 kHz, 12.5 kHz and 15 kHz for sample 4 (a) and driving frequency of 33 kHz, 40 kHz, 50 kHz and 66 kHz for sample 7 (b). The applied voltage is 6.0 Vrms.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 7 (a) Experimental setup for measuring the properties of MFLC-lens. (b) Experimental setup for capturing images using a side viewing endoscope. Pol: Polarizer.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 8 Interference pattern when MFLC-lens is used with different voltages (a) for 2D mode 0~12.5 Vrms (b) for 3D mode 0~8.5 Vrms.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 9 Voltage dependence of phase shift for 2D LC lens (a), 3D LC lens (b).

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 10 Focal length as a function of the applied voltage for 2D LC lens (a), 3D LC lens (b).

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 11 Image performance of the MFLC-lens for different distance of ISO 3334 test chart from the MFLC-lens when lens is on and off. Distance and voltage values are: (a) 80 mm/ 12.5Vrms (b) 125 mm/ 8.5Vrms (c) 180 mm/ 6.8Vrms. (d) three 2D images taken to construct a 3D image shown in (e).

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Tables (2)

Table 1 Comparison of the Different Endoscopes

View Table | View all tables in this article

Table 2 Condition of Sputtering Nb2O5 and Key Parameters of Nb2O5 for 10 Samples and AFM Data. RMS: Root Mean Square of Roughness.

View Table | View all tables in this article

Equations (3)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

ε' = \frac{ε_{e q}}{1 + ω^{2} {(\frac{ε_{e q}}{σ_{e q}})}^{2}}

ε " = \frac{ω (ε_{e q} / σ_{e q})}{1 + ω^{2} {(\frac{ε_{e q}}{σ_{e q}})}^{2}} ε_{e q}

\nabla^{2} V = \frac{ρ_{R}}{d_{R}} (\frac{ω ε'}{d_{L C}} j V + \frac{ω ε "}{d_{L C}} V)

	Conventional endoscope	Hexagonal endoscope	MFLC-lens
Operation based on	2 Solid lenses	7 LC Micro-lenses	1 LC lens & 3 LC Micro-lenses
2D/3D Switchable function	Yes (using 3D glasses)	Yes (computer generated 3D image)	Yes (computer generated 3D image)
2D/3D focus-tunable	No	No	Yes
Distal end outer diameter	10 mm	3.5 mm	2.5 mm
Sketch after the assembly

Sample	O2 gas	Annealing (350°)	AFM(RMS)	Thickness(d)	ρ(Ω-m)	ρ/d(Ω-m/nm)	Working frequency
1	None	None	0.362 nm	12 nm	$1.26 \times 10^{5}$	10500	N/A
2	None	Yes	0.384 nm	12 nm	$2.31 \times 10^{5}$	19300	N/A
3	1 sccm	Yes	0.328 nm	6 nm	$5.08 \times 10^{2}$	84.800	N/A
4	None	None	0.487 nm	31 nm	$1.00 \times 10^{1}$	0.324	10-15 kHz
5	None	Yes	0.511 nm	31 nm	$4.18 \times 10^{5}$	13500	N/A
6	3 sccm	Yes	0.415 nm	3 nm	$1.05 \times 10^{2}$	35.100	N/A
7	None	None	0.443 nm	50 nm	$1.94 \times 10^{0}$	0.038	33-66 kHz
8	None	Yes	0.452 nm	50 nm	$1.36 \times 10^{5}$	2730	N/A
9	3 sccm	Yes	0.249 nm	5 nm	$2.83 \times 10^{1}$	5.6700	N/A
10	Without Nb2O5

	Conventional endoscope	Hexagonal endoscope	MFLC-lens
Operation based on	2 Solid lenses	7 LC Micro-lenses	1 LC lens & 3 LC Micro-lenses
2D/3D Switchable function	Yes (using 3D glasses)	Yes (computer generated 3D image)	Yes (computer generated 3D image)
2D/3D focus-tunable	No	No	Yes
Distal end outer diameter	10 mm	3.5 mm	2.5 mm
Sketch after the assembly

Sample	O2 gas	Annealing (350°)	AFM(RMS)	Thickness(d)	ρ(Ω-m)	ρ/d(Ω-m/nm)	Working frequency
1	None	None	0.362 nm	12 nm	$1.26 \times 10^{5}$	10500	N/A
2	None	Yes	0.384 nm	12 nm	$2.31 \times 10^{5}$	19300	N/A
3	1 sccm	Yes	0.328 nm	6 nm	$5.08 \times 10^{2}$	84.800	N/A
4	None	None	0.487 nm	31 nm	$1.00 \times 10^{1}$	0.324	10-15 kHz
5	None	Yes	0.511 nm	31 nm	$4.18 \times 10^{5}$	13500	N/A
6	3 sccm	Yes	0.415 nm	3 nm	$1.05 \times 10^{2}$	35.100	N/A
7	None	None	0.443 nm	50 nm	$1.94 \times 10^{0}$	0.038	33-66 kHz
8	None	Yes	0.452 nm	50 nm	$1.36 \times 10^{5}$	2730	N/A
9	3 sccm	Yes	0.249 nm	5 nm	$2.83 \times 10^{1}$	5.6700	N/A
10	Without Nb2O5

Abstract

References

2015 (3)

2014 (4)

2013 (7)

2012 (6)

2011 (4)

2010 (2)

2009 (2)

2008 (2)

2007 (2)

2006 (2)

2004 (3)

2002 (2)

2001 (1)

1999 (1)

1992 (1)

1979 (2)

Alexe-Ionescu, A. L.

Algorri, J. F.

Barbero, G.

Chang, Y.-C.

Chao, P. C. P.

Chen, C. W.

Chen, C.-W.

Chen, H. S.

Chen, H.-S.

Chen, M. S.

Chen, T.-A.

Cho, M.

Choi, W. B.

Chung, K.-B.

Cuypers, D.

De Smet, H.

Dhara, S.

Fox, D. W.

Han, S.

Hassanfiroozi, A.

Hayasaka, S.

Honma, M.

Hsu, C. J.

Hsu, H. K.

Huang, Y. P.

Huang, Y.-C.

Huang, Y.-P.

Hwang, S.-J.

Javidi, B.

Jen, T.-H.

Jeng, S.-C.

Kang, M. S.

Kao, Y. Y.

Kawamura, M.

Kim, H.-K.

Kim, J. H.

Kim, Y. M.

Kuiper, S.

Lavrentovich, O. D.

Lee, C.-T.

Lee, H.-M.

Lelidis, I.

Li, H.

Li, Q.

Li, W. Y.

Li, Y.

Lin, H. C.

Lin, H.-Y.

Lin, K.-R.

Lin, Y. H.

Lin, Y.-H.

Liu, Y.

Lu, R.

Madhusudana, N. V.

Marcos, C.

Masuda, S.

Min, N. K.

Na, S.-I.

Nakamura, K.

Nie, X.

Nose, T.

Ozaki, M.