Abstract

Optical remote sensing of phytoplankton draws on distinctive spectral features which can vary with both species and environmental conditions. Here, we present a set-up (Envilab) for growing phytoplankton under well-defined light, temperature and nutrient conditions. The custom-built light source enables creation of light with spectral composition similar to natural aquatic environments. Spectral tuning allows for light quality studies. Attenuation is monitored with a spectrometer in transmission mode. In combination with automated spectrophotometer and fluorimeter measurements, absorption and excitation-emission-fluorescence spectra are recorded. The set-up opens the door for systematic studies on phytoplankton optical properties and physiology.

© 2017 Optical Society of America

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2015 (3)

L. Li, L. Li, and K. Song, “Remote sensing of freshwater cyanobacteria: An extended IOP inversion model of inland waters (IIMIW) for partitioning absorption coefficient and estimating phycocyanin,” Remote Sens. Environ. 157, 9–23 (2015).
[Crossref]

H. Xi, M. Hieronymi, R. Röttgers, H. Krasemann, and Z. Qiu, “Hyperspectral differentiation of phytoplankton taxonomic groups: A comparison between using remote sensing reflectance and absorption spectra,” Remote Sens. 7(11), 14781–14805 (2015).
[Crossref]

T. Zavrel, M. A. Sinetova, D. Búzová, P. Literáková, and J. Cervený, “Characterization of a model cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 autotrophic growth in a flat-panel photobioreactor,” Eng. Life Sci. 15(1), 122–132 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (1)

C. L. Teo, M. Atta, A. Bukhari, M. Taisir, A. M. Yusuf, and A. Idris, “Enhancing growth and lipid production of marine microalgae for biodiesel production via the use of different LED wavelengths,” Bioresour. Technol. 162, 38–44 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (2)

Y. Yu, L. You, D. Liu, W. Hollinshead, Y. J. Tang, and F. Zhang, “Development of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as a phototrophic cell factory,” Mar. Drugs 11(8), 2894–2916 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J.-M. Hirvonen, T. Poikonen, A. Vaskuri, P. Kärhä, and E. Ikonen, “Spectrally adjustable quasi-monochromatic radiance source based on LEDs and its application for measuring spectral responsivity of a luminance meter,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 24(11), 115201 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (5)

S. G. H. Simis, Y. Huot, M. Babin, J. Seppälä, and L. Metsamaa, “Optimization of variable fluorescence measurements of phytoplankton communities with cyanobacteria,” Photosynth. Res. 112(1), 13–30 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. M. Bazzi, Z. Klein, M. Sweeney, K. P. Kroeger, P. S. Shenoy, and P. T. Krein, “Solid-state solar simulator,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 48(4), 1195–1202 (2012).
[Crossref]

P. Gege, “Analytic model for the direct and diffuse components of downwelling spectral irradiance in water,” Appl. Opt. 51(9), 1407–1419 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Falkowski, “Ocean Science: The power of plankton,” Nature 483(7387), S17–S20 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M.-F. Racault, C. L. Quéré, E. Buitenhuis, S. Sathyendranath, and T. Platt, “Phytoplankton phenology in the global ocean,” Ecol. Indic. 14(1), 152–163 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (3)

K. Fujiwara and A. Yano, “Controllable spectrum artificial sunlight source system using LEDs with 32 different peak wavelengths of 385-910 nm,” Bioelectromagnetics 32(3), 243–252 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Kolberg, F. Schubert, N. Lontke, A. Zwigart, and D. Spinner, “Development of tunable close match LED solar simulator with extended spectral range to UV and IRm,” Energy Procedia 8, 100–105 (2011).
[Crossref]

C.-Y. Chen, K.-L. Yeh, R. Aisyah, D.-J. Lee, and J.-S. Chang, “Cultivation, photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: A critical review,” Bioresour. Technol. 102(1), 71–81 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (1)

2009 (1)

R. L. Carneiro, M. E. V. dos Santos, A. B. F. Pacheco, and S. M. F. O. Azevedo, “Effects of light intensity and light quality on growth and circadian rhythm of saxitoxins production in cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (cyanobacteria),” J. Plankton Res. 31(5), 481–488 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (2)

L. Nedbal, M. Trtílek, J. Cervený, O. Komárek, and H. B. Pakrasi, “A photobioreactor system for precision cultivation of photoautotrophic microorganisms and for high-content analysis of suspension dynamics,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100(5), 902–910 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. J. Gons, M. T. Auer, and S. W. Effler, “Meris satellite chlorophyll mapping of oligotrophic and eutrophic waters in the laurentian great lakes,” Remote Sens. Environ. 112(11), 4098–4106 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

M. Stomp, J. Huisman, L. Vörös, F. R. Pick, M. Laamanen, T. Haverkamp, and L. J. Stal, “Colourful coexistence of red and green picocyanobacteria in lakes and seas,” Ecol. Lett. 10(4), 290–298 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (2)

S. G. H. Simis, S. W. M. Peters, and H. J. Gons, “Remote sensing of the cyanobacterial pigment phycocyanin in turbid inland water,” Limnol. Oceanogr. 50(1), 237–245 (2005).
[Crossref]

N. Korbee, F. L. Figueroa, and J. Aguilera, “Effect of light quality on the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments, proteins and mycosporine-like amino acids in the red alga porphyra leucosticta (bangiales, rhodophyta),” J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 80(2), 71–78 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (1)

M. Stomp, J. Huisman, F. De Jongh, A. J. Veraart, D. Gerla, M. Rijkeboer, B. W. Ibelings, U. I. Wollenzien, and L. J. Stal, “Adaptive divergence in pigment composition promotes phytoplankton biodiversity,” Nature 432(7013), 104–107 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

S. Muthu, F. J. P. Schuurmans, and M. D. Pashley, “Red, green, and blue LEDs for white light illumination,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 8(2), 333–338 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (2)

H. Xu, D. Vavilin, and W. Vermaas, “Chlorophyll b can serve as the major pigment in functional photosystem II complexes of cyanobacteria,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(24), 14168–14173 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. A. Lutz, S. Sathyendranath, E. J. H. Head, and W. K. W. Li, “Changes in the in vivo absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra with growth irradiance in three species of phytoplankton,” J. Plankton Res. 23(6), 555–569 (2001).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

R. MacColl, “Cyanobacterial phycobilisomes,” J. Struct. Biol. 124(2-3), 311–334 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1994 (1)

P. G. Falkowski, “The role of phytoplankton photosynthesis in global biogeochemical cycles,” Photosynth. Res. 39(3), 235–258 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1990 (1)

D. Stramski and A. Morel, “Optical properties of photosynthetic picoplankton in different physiological states as affected by growth irradiance,” Deep Sea Res. Part A 37(2), 245–266 (1990).
[Crossref]

1980 (1)

T. Parkin and T. Brock, “The effects of light quality on the growth of phototrophic bacteria in lakes,” Arch. Microbiol. 125(1-2), 19–27 (1980).
[Crossref]

1979 (1)

R. Rippka, J. Deruelles, J. B. Waterbury, M. Herdman, and R. Y. Stanier, “Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria,” Microbiology 111(1), 1–61 (1979).
[Crossref]

1977 (1)

N. Tandeau de Marsac, “Occurrence and nature of chromatic adaptation in cyanobacteria,” J. Bacteriol. 130(1), 82–91 (1977).
[PubMed]

Aguilera, J.

N. Korbee, F. L. Figueroa, and J. Aguilera, “Effect of light quality on the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments, proteins and mycosporine-like amino acids in the red alga porphyra leucosticta (bangiales, rhodophyta),” J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 80(2), 71–78 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Aisyah, R.

C.-Y. Chen, K.-L. Yeh, R. Aisyah, D.-J. Lee, and J.-S. Chang, “Cultivation, photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: A critical review,” Bioresour. Technol. 102(1), 71–81 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Atta, M.

C. L. Teo, M. Atta, A. Bukhari, M. Taisir, A. M. Yusuf, and A. Idris, “Enhancing growth and lipid production of marine microalgae for biodiesel production via the use of different LED wavelengths,” Bioresour. Technol. 162, 38–44 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Auer, M. T.

H. J. Gons, M. T. Auer, and S. W. Effler, “Meris satellite chlorophyll mapping of oligotrophic and eutrophic waters in the laurentian great lakes,” Remote Sens. Environ. 112(11), 4098–4106 (2008).
[Crossref]

Azevedo, S. M. F. O.

R. L. Carneiro, M. E. V. dos Santos, A. B. F. Pacheco, and S. M. F. O. Azevedo, “Effects of light intensity and light quality on growth and circadian rhythm of saxitoxins production in cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (cyanobacteria),” J. Plankton Res. 31(5), 481–488 (2009).
[Crossref]

Babin, M.

S. G. H. Simis, Y. Huot, M. Babin, J. Seppälä, and L. Metsamaa, “Optimization of variable fluorescence measurements of phytoplankton communities with cyanobacteria,” Photosynth. Res. 112(1), 13–30 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bazzi, A. M.

A. M. Bazzi, Z. Klein, M. Sweeney, K. P. Kroeger, P. S. Shenoy, and P. T. Krein, “Solid-state solar simulator,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 48(4), 1195–1202 (2012).
[Crossref]

Brock, T.

T. Parkin and T. Brock, “The effects of light quality on the growth of phototrophic bacteria in lakes,” Arch. Microbiol. 125(1-2), 19–27 (1980).
[Crossref]

Buitenhuis, E.

M.-F. Racault, C. L. Quéré, E. Buitenhuis, S. Sathyendranath, and T. Platt, “Phytoplankton phenology in the global ocean,” Ecol. Indic. 14(1), 152–163 (2012).
[Crossref]

Bukhari, A.

C. L. Teo, M. Atta, A. Bukhari, M. Taisir, A. M. Yusuf, and A. Idris, “Enhancing growth and lipid production of marine microalgae for biodiesel production via the use of different LED wavelengths,” Bioresour. Technol. 162, 38–44 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Búzová, D.

T. Zavrel, M. A. Sinetova, D. Búzová, P. Literáková, and J. Cervený, “Characterization of a model cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 autotrophic growth in a flat-panel photobioreactor,” Eng. Life Sci. 15(1), 122–132 (2015).
[Crossref]

Carneiro, R. L.

R. L. Carneiro, M. E. V. dos Santos, A. B. F. Pacheco, and S. M. F. O. Azevedo, “Effects of light intensity and light quality on growth and circadian rhythm of saxitoxins production in cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (cyanobacteria),” J. Plankton Res. 31(5), 481–488 (2009).
[Crossref]

Cervený, J.

T. Zavrel, M. A. Sinetova, D. Búzová, P. Literáková, and J. Cervený, “Characterization of a model cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 autotrophic growth in a flat-panel photobioreactor,” Eng. Life Sci. 15(1), 122–132 (2015).
[Crossref]

L. Nedbal, M. Trtílek, J. Cervený, O. Komárek, and H. B. Pakrasi, “A photobioreactor system for precision cultivation of photoautotrophic microorganisms and for high-content analysis of suspension dynamics,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100(5), 902–910 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chang, J.-S.

C.-Y. Chen, K.-L. Yeh, R. Aisyah, D.-J. Lee, and J.-S. Chang, “Cultivation, photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: A critical review,” Bioresour. Technol. 102(1), 71–81 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, C.-Y.

C.-Y. Chen, K.-L. Yeh, R. Aisyah, D.-J. Lee, and J.-S. Chang, “Cultivation, photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: A critical review,” Bioresour. Technol. 102(1), 71–81 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

De Jongh, F.

M. Stomp, J. Huisman, F. De Jongh, A. J. Veraart, D. Gerla, M. Rijkeboer, B. W. Ibelings, U. I. Wollenzien, and L. J. Stal, “Adaptive divergence in pigment composition promotes phytoplankton biodiversity,” Nature 432(7013), 104–107 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Deruelles, J.

R. Rippka, J. Deruelles, J. B. Waterbury, M. Herdman, and R. Y. Stanier, “Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria,” Microbiology 111(1), 1–61 (1979).
[Crossref]

dos Santos, M. E. V.

R. L. Carneiro, M. E. V. dos Santos, A. B. F. Pacheco, and S. M. F. O. Azevedo, “Effects of light intensity and light quality on growth and circadian rhythm of saxitoxins production in cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (cyanobacteria),” J. Plankton Res. 31(5), 481–488 (2009).
[Crossref]

Effler, S. W.

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A. M. Bazzi, Z. Klein, M. Sweeney, K. P. Kroeger, P. S. Shenoy, and P. T. Krein, “Solid-state solar simulator,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 48(4), 1195–1202 (2012).
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S. G. H. Simis, S. W. M. Peters, and H. J. Gons, “Remote sensing of the cyanobacterial pigment phycocyanin in turbid inland water,” Limnol. Oceanogr. 50(1), 237–245 (2005).
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M. Stomp, J. Huisman, L. Vörös, F. R. Pick, M. Laamanen, T. Haverkamp, and L. J. Stal, “Colourful coexistence of red and green picocyanobacteria in lakes and seas,” Ecol. Lett. 10(4), 290–298 (2007).
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H. Xi, M. Hieronymi, R. Röttgers, H. Krasemann, and Z. Qiu, “Hyperspectral differentiation of phytoplankton taxonomic groups: A comparison between using remote sensing reflectance and absorption spectra,” Remote Sens. 7(11), 14781–14805 (2015).
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R. Rippka, J. Deruelles, J. B. Waterbury, M. Herdman, and R. Y. Stanier, “Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria,” Microbiology 111(1), 1–61 (1979).
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H. Xi, M. Hieronymi, R. Röttgers, H. Krasemann, and Z. Qiu, “Hyperspectral differentiation of phytoplankton taxonomic groups: A comparison between using remote sensing reflectance and absorption spectra,” Remote Sens. 7(11), 14781–14805 (2015).
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M.-F. Racault, C. L. Quéré, E. Buitenhuis, S. Sathyendranath, and T. Platt, “Phytoplankton phenology in the global ocean,” Ecol. Indic. 14(1), 152–163 (2012).
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V. A. Lutz, S. Sathyendranath, E. J. H. Head, and W. K. W. Li, “Changes in the in vivo absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra with growth irradiance in three species of phytoplankton,” J. Plankton Res. 23(6), 555–569 (2001).
[Crossref]

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D. Kolberg, F. Schubert, N. Lontke, A. Zwigart, and D. Spinner, “Development of tunable close match LED solar simulator with extended spectral range to UV and IRm,” Energy Procedia 8, 100–105 (2011).
[Crossref]

Schuurmans, F. J. P.

S. Muthu, F. J. P. Schuurmans, and M. D. Pashley, “Red, green, and blue LEDs for white light illumination,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 8(2), 333–338 (2002).
[Crossref]

Seppälä, J.

S. G. H. Simis, Y. Huot, M. Babin, J. Seppälä, and L. Metsamaa, “Optimization of variable fluorescence measurements of phytoplankton communities with cyanobacteria,” Photosynth. Res. 112(1), 13–30 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Serreze, H. B.

K. J. Linden, W. R. Neal, and H. B. Serreze, “Adjustable spectrum LED solar simulator,“ (2014).

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A. M. Bazzi, Z. Klein, M. Sweeney, K. P. Kroeger, P. S. Shenoy, and P. T. Krein, “Solid-state solar simulator,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 48(4), 1195–1202 (2012).
[Crossref]

Simis, S. G. H.

S. G. H. Simis, Y. Huot, M. Babin, J. Seppälä, and L. Metsamaa, “Optimization of variable fluorescence measurements of phytoplankton communities with cyanobacteria,” Photosynth. Res. 112(1), 13–30 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. G. H. Simis, S. W. M. Peters, and H. J. Gons, “Remote sensing of the cyanobacterial pigment phycocyanin in turbid inland water,” Limnol. Oceanogr. 50(1), 237–245 (2005).
[Crossref]

Sinetova, M. A.

T. Zavrel, M. A. Sinetova, D. Búzová, P. Literáková, and J. Cervený, “Characterization of a model cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 autotrophic growth in a flat-panel photobioreactor,” Eng. Life Sci. 15(1), 122–132 (2015).
[Crossref]

Song, K.

L. Li, L. Li, and K. Song, “Remote sensing of freshwater cyanobacteria: An extended IOP inversion model of inland waters (IIMIW) for partitioning absorption coefficient and estimating phycocyanin,” Remote Sens. Environ. 157, 9–23 (2015).
[Crossref]

Spinner, D.

D. Kolberg, F. Schubert, N. Lontke, A. Zwigart, and D. Spinner, “Development of tunable close match LED solar simulator with extended spectral range to UV and IRm,” Energy Procedia 8, 100–105 (2011).
[Crossref]

Stal, L. J.

M. Stomp, J. Huisman, L. Vörös, F. R. Pick, M. Laamanen, T. Haverkamp, and L. J. Stal, “Colourful coexistence of red and green picocyanobacteria in lakes and seas,” Ecol. Lett. 10(4), 290–298 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Stomp, J. Huisman, F. De Jongh, A. J. Veraart, D. Gerla, M. Rijkeboer, B. W. Ibelings, U. I. Wollenzien, and L. J. Stal, “Adaptive divergence in pigment composition promotes phytoplankton biodiversity,” Nature 432(7013), 104–107 (2004).
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R. Rippka, J. Deruelles, J. B. Waterbury, M. Herdman, and R. Y. Stanier, “Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria,” Microbiology 111(1), 1–61 (1979).
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M. Stomp, J. Huisman, L. Vörös, F. R. Pick, M. Laamanen, T. Haverkamp, and L. J. Stal, “Colourful coexistence of red and green picocyanobacteria in lakes and seas,” Ecol. Lett. 10(4), 290–298 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Stomp, J. Huisman, F. De Jongh, A. J. Veraart, D. Gerla, M. Rijkeboer, B. W. Ibelings, U. I. Wollenzien, and L. J. Stal, “Adaptive divergence in pigment composition promotes phytoplankton biodiversity,” Nature 432(7013), 104–107 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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D. Stramski and A. Morel, “Optical properties of photosynthetic picoplankton in different physiological states as affected by growth irradiance,” Deep Sea Res. Part A 37(2), 245–266 (1990).
[Crossref]

Sweeney, M.

A. M. Bazzi, Z. Klein, M. Sweeney, K. P. Kroeger, P. S. Shenoy, and P. T. Krein, “Solid-state solar simulator,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 48(4), 1195–1202 (2012).
[Crossref]

Taisir, M.

C. L. Teo, M. Atta, A. Bukhari, M. Taisir, A. M. Yusuf, and A. Idris, “Enhancing growth and lipid production of marine microalgae for biodiesel production via the use of different LED wavelengths,” Bioresour. Technol. 162, 38–44 (2014).
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Y. Yu, L. You, D. Liu, W. Hollinshead, Y. J. Tang, and F. Zhang, “Development of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as a phototrophic cell factory,” Mar. Drugs 11(8), 2894–2916 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Teo, C. L.

C. L. Teo, M. Atta, A. Bukhari, M. Taisir, A. M. Yusuf, and A. Idris, “Enhancing growth and lipid production of marine microalgae for biodiesel production via the use of different LED wavelengths,” Bioresour. Technol. 162, 38–44 (2014).
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Trtílek, M.

L. Nedbal, M. Trtílek, J. Cervený, O. Komárek, and H. B. Pakrasi, “A photobioreactor system for precision cultivation of photoautotrophic microorganisms and for high-content analysis of suspension dynamics,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100(5), 902–910 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vaskuri, A.

J.-M. Hirvonen, T. Poikonen, A. Vaskuri, P. Kärhä, and E. Ikonen, “Spectrally adjustable quasi-monochromatic radiance source based on LEDs and its application for measuring spectral responsivity of a luminance meter,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 24(11), 115201 (2013).
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H. Xu, D. Vavilin, and W. Vermaas, “Chlorophyll b can serve as the major pigment in functional photosystem II complexes of cyanobacteria,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(24), 14168–14173 (2001).
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Veraart, A. J.

M. Stomp, J. Huisman, F. De Jongh, A. J. Veraart, D. Gerla, M. Rijkeboer, B. W. Ibelings, U. I. Wollenzien, and L. J. Stal, “Adaptive divergence in pigment composition promotes phytoplankton biodiversity,” Nature 432(7013), 104–107 (2004).
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H. Xu, D. Vavilin, and W. Vermaas, “Chlorophyll b can serve as the major pigment in functional photosystem II complexes of cyanobacteria,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(24), 14168–14173 (2001).
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M. Stomp, J. Huisman, L. Vörös, F. R. Pick, M. Laamanen, T. Haverkamp, and L. J. Stal, “Colourful coexistence of red and green picocyanobacteria in lakes and seas,” Ecol. Lett. 10(4), 290–298 (2007).
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P. Lu, H. Yang, Y. Pei, J. Li, B. Xue, J. Wang, and J. Li, “Generation of solar spectrum by using LED,“ (2016).

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R. Rippka, J. Deruelles, J. B. Waterbury, M. Herdman, and R. Y. Stanier, “Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria,” Microbiology 111(1), 1–61 (1979).
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M. Stomp, J. Huisman, F. De Jongh, A. J. Veraart, D. Gerla, M. Rijkeboer, B. W. Ibelings, U. I. Wollenzien, and L. J. Stal, “Adaptive divergence in pigment composition promotes phytoplankton biodiversity,” Nature 432(7013), 104–107 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Xi, H.

H. Xi, M. Hieronymi, R. Röttgers, H. Krasemann, and Z. Qiu, “Hyperspectral differentiation of phytoplankton taxonomic groups: A comparison between using remote sensing reflectance and absorption spectra,” Remote Sens. 7(11), 14781–14805 (2015).
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H. Xu, D. Vavilin, and W. Vermaas, “Chlorophyll b can serve as the major pigment in functional photosystem II complexes of cyanobacteria,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(24), 14168–14173 (2001).
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Figures (5)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Schematic sketch of the measurement set-up (modified from [25]).

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) Schematic sketch of LED light source; (b) Scheme of bioreactor assembly in explosion view; area of glass windows match illumination area of multispectral light source (modified from [25,38]).

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Calculated (black solid line) and simulated (grey circles) downwelling irradiance spectra for different ambient light scenarios under a sun zenith angle of 40°: (a) at water surface (sensor depth = 0 m), (b) with high CDOM concentration at 1 m depth (aCDOM = 2 m−1) and (c) at 3 m water depth. Colored lines reflect individual LED spectra.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 (a) Growth of Synechocystis sp. (PCC 6803) monitored through the reactor windows; transmission was measured ten times during day every 15 minutes over a period of ~6.3 days leading to the depicted 3540 spectra. (b) Absorption spectra during automated dilution of a PCC 6803 culture; inset: corresponding concentration factor vs. absorption at 673 nm.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 (a) Excitation-mission spectrum of Synechocystis sp. (PCC6803) after blank subtraction. The dashed line indicates the excitation spectrum at 680 nm emission. (b) Excitation spectrum at 680 nm for PCC 6803 at different dilution steps. The inset indicates linear decrease of fluorescence intensity at 620 nm excitation and 680 nm emission with dilution.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1 Technical specifications of the LED light source.

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