Simultaneous generation of multiple vector beams on a single SLM

Carmelo Rosales-Guzmán; Nkosiphile Bhebhe; Andrew Forbes

doi:10.1364/OE.25.025697

Simultaneous generation of multiple vector beams on a single SLM

Carmelo Rosales-Guzmán, Nkosiphile Bhebhe, and Andrew Forbes

Optics Express
Vol. 25,
Issue 21,
pp. 25697-25706
(2017)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.025697

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Carmelo Rosales-Guzmán, Nkosiphile Bhebhe, and Andrew Forbes, "Simultaneous generation of multiple vector beams on a single SLM," Opt. Express 25, 25697-25706 (2017)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Holography
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Multiplexing (060.4230)
- Phase modulation (060.5060)
- Multiplex holography (090.4220)
- Digital holography (090.1995)
- Laser beam shaping (140.3300)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: August 9, 2017
- Revised Manuscript: September 8, 2017
- Manuscript Accepted: September 25, 2017
- Published: October 9, 2017

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

Complex vector light fields, classically entangled in polarization and phase, have become ubiquitous in a wide variety of research fields. This has triggered the demonstration of a wide variety of generation techniques. Of particular relevance are those based on computer-controlled devices due to their great flexibility. In particular, spatial light modulators have demonstrated their high capabilities to generate any vector beam, with various spatial profiles and polarization distributions. Here, we put forward a novel technique that exploits the superposition principle in optics to enable the simultaneous generation of many vector beams using a single digital hologram. As proof-of-principle, we demonstrated the simultaneous generation of sixteen vector vortex beams with various polarization distributions and spatial shapes on a single SLM, each with their own spatial shape and polarization distribution.

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References

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Year
|
Author
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Publication

Q. Zhan, “Cylindrical vector beams: from mathematical concepts to applications,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 1, 1–57 (2009).
[Crossref]
M. Woerdemann, C. Alpmann, M. Esseling, and C. Denz, “Advanced optical trapping by complex beam shaping,” Laser Photon. Rev. 7, 839–854 (2013).
[Crossref]
H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, A. Forbes, M. V. Berry, M. R. Dennis, D. L. Andrews, M. Mansuripur, C. Denz, C. Alpmann, P. Banzer, T. Bauer, E. Karimi, L. Marrucci, M. Padgett, M. Ritsch-Marte, N. M. Litchinitser, N. P. Bigelow, C. Rosales-Guzmán, A. Belmonte, J. P. Torres, T. W. Neely, M. Baker, R. Gordon, A. B. Stilgoe, J. Romero, A. G. White, R. Fickler, A. E. Willner, G. Xie, B. McMorran, and A. M. Weiner, “Roadmap on structured light,” J. Opt. 19, 013001 (2017).
[Crossref]
B. Ndagano, B. Perez-Garcia, F. S. Roux, M. McLaren, C. Rosales-Guzman, Y. Zhang, O. Mouane, R. I. Hernandez-Aranda, T. Konrad, and A. Forbes, “Characterizing quantum channels with non-separable states of classical light,” Nat. Phys. 13, 397–402 (2017).
[Crossref]
G. Milione, M. P. Lavery, H. Huang, Y. Ren, G. Xie, T. A. Nguyen, E. Karimi, L. Marrucci, D. A. Nolan, R. R. Alfano, and et al., “4× 20 gbit/s mode division multiplexing over free space using vector modes and a q-plate mode (de) multiplexer,” Opt. Lett. 40, 1980–1983 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. Niv, G. Biener, V. Kleiner, and E. Hasman, “Propagation-invariant vectorial bessel beams obtained by use of quantized pancharatnam–berry phase optical elements,” Opt. Lett. 29, 238–240 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
L. Marrucci, C. Manzo, and D. Paparo, “Optical Spin-to-Orbital Angular Momentum Conversion in Inhomogeneous Anisotropic Media,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 163905 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
D. Naidoo, F. S. Roux, A. Dudley, I. Litvin, B. Piccirillo, L. Marrucci, and A. Forbes, “Controlled generation of higher-order poincaré sphere beams from a laser,” Nat. Photon. 10, 327–332 (2016).
[Crossref]
Y. Liu, X. Ling, X. Yi, X. Zhou, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Realization of polarization evolution on higher-order poincarŐ sphere with metasurface,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 191110 (2014).
[Crossref]
S. C. Tidwell, D. H. Ford, and W. D. Kimura, “Generating radially polarized beams interferometrically,” Appl. Opt. 29, 2234–2239 (1990).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Liu, P. Li, T. Peng, and J. Zhao, “Generation of arbitrary spatially variant polarization beams with a trapezoid Sagnac interferometer,” Opt. Express 20, 21715 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. Forbes, A. Dudley, and M. McLaren, “Creation and detection of optical modes with spatial light modulators,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 8, 200–227 (2016).
[Crossref]
C. Rosales-Guzmán and A. Forbes, How to Shape Light with Spatial Light Modulators (SPIE, 2017).
[Crossref]
C. Maurer, A. Jesacher, S. Fürhapter, S. Bernet, and M. Ritsch-Marte, “Tailoring of arbitrary optical vector beams,” New J. Phys. 9, 78 (2007).
[Crossref]
T. Čižmár, L. C. D. Romero, K. Dholakia, and D. L. Andrews, “Multiple optical trapping and binding: new routes to self-assembly,” J. Phys. B 43, 102001 (2010).
[Crossref]
J. Wang, J.-Y. Yang, I. M. Fazal, N. Ahmed, Y. Yan, H. Huang, Y. Ren, Y. Yue, S. Dolinar, M. Tur, and A. E. Willner, “Terabit free-space data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing,” Nat. Photon. 6, 488–496 (2012).
[Crossref]
N. Bozinovic, Y. Yue, Y. Ren, M. Tur, P. Kristensen, H. Huang, A. E. Willner, and S. Ramachandran, “Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in fibers,” Science 340, 1545–1548 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. Trichili, C. Rosales-Guzmán, A. Dudley, B. Ndagano, A. B. Salem, M. Zghal, and A. Forbes, “Optical communication beyond orbital angular momentum,” Sci. Rep. 6, 27674 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
P. Li, B. Wang, and X. Zhang, “High-dimensional encoding based on classical nonseparability,” Opt. Express 24, 15143 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C. Rosales-Guzmán, N. Bhebhe, N. Mahonisi, and A. Forbes, “Multiplexing 200 modes on a single digital hologram,” arXiv:1706.06129v1 (2017).
G. Milione, H. I. Sztul, D. A. Nolan, and R. R. Alfano, “Higher-order poincaré sphere, stokes parameters, and the angular momentum of light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 053601 (2011).
[Crossref]
E. J. Galvez, S. Khadka, W. H. Schubert, and S. Nomoto, “Poincaré beam patterns produced by nonseparable superpositions of laguerre-gauss and polarization modes of light,” Appl. Opt. 51, 2925–2934 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Chen, X. Zhou, Y. Liu, X. Ling, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Generation of arbitrary cylindrical vector beams on the higher order poincaré sphere,” Opt. Lett. 39, 5274–5276 (2014).
[Crossref]
I. Moreno, J. A. Davis, T. M. Hernandez, D. M. Cottrell, and D. Sand, “Complete polarization control of light from a liquid crystal spatial light modulator,” Opt. Express 20, 364–376 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Z. Chen, T. Zeng, B. Qian, and J. Ding, “Complete shaping of optical vector beams,” Opt. Express 23, 17701–17710 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. McLaren, T. Konrad, and A. Forbes, “Measuring the nonseparability of vector vortex beams,” Phys. Rev. A 92, 023833 (2015).
[Crossref]
B. Ndagano, H. Sroor, M. McLaren, C. Rosales-Guzmán, and A. Forbes, “Beam quality measure for vector beams,” Opt. Lett. 41, 3407 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. A. Cox, C. Rosales-Guzmán, M. P. J. Lavery, D. J. Versfeld, and A. Forbes, “On the resilience of scalar and vector vortex modes in turbulence,” Opt. Express 24, 18105–18113 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
G. Milione, T. A. Nguyen, J. Leach, D. A. Nolan, and R. R. Alfano, “Using the nonseparability of vector beams to encode information for optical communication,” Opt. Lett. 40, 4887 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. A. Davis, I. Moreno, K. Badham, M. M. Sánchez-López, and D. M. Cottrell, “Nondiffracting vector beams where the charge and the polarization state vary with propagation distance,” Opt. Lett. 41, 2270–2273 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. Dudley, Y. Li, T. Mhlanga, M. Escuti, and A. Forbes, “Generating and measuring nondiffracting vector Bessel beams,” Opt. Lett. 38, 3429–3432 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
I. Moreno, J. A. Davis, K. Badham, M. M. Sánchez-López, J. E. Holland, and D. M. Cottrell, “Vector beam polarization state spectrum analyzer,” Sci. Rep. 7, 2216 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Fu, S. Zhang, T. Wang, and C. Gao, “Rectilinear lattices of polarization vortices with various spatial polarization distributions,” Opt. Express 24, 18486–18491 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Fu, C. Gao, T. Wang, S. Zhang, and Y. Zhai, “Simultaneous generation of multiple perfect polarization vortices with selective spatial states in various diffraction orders,” Opt. Lett. 41, 5454–5457 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
W. Wootters, “Entanglement of formation and concurrence,” Quantum Information and Computation 1, 27–44 (2001).
M. McLaren, T. Konrad, and A. Forbes, “Measuring the nonseparability of vector vortex beams,” Phys. Rev. A 92, 023833 (2015).
[Crossref]

2017 (3)

H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, A. Forbes, M. V. Berry, M. R. Dennis, D. L. Andrews, M. Mansuripur, C. Denz, C. Alpmann, P. Banzer, T. Bauer, E. Karimi, L. Marrucci, M. Padgett, M. Ritsch-Marte, N. M. Litchinitser, N. P. Bigelow, C. Rosales-Guzmán, A. Belmonte, J. P. Torres, T. W. Neely, M. Baker, R. Gordon, A. B. Stilgoe, J. Romero, A. G. White, R. Fickler, A. E. Willner, G. Xie, B. McMorran, and A. M. Weiner, “Roadmap on structured light,” J. Opt. 19, 013001 (2017).
[Crossref]

B. Ndagano, B. Perez-Garcia, F. S. Roux, M. McLaren, C. Rosales-Guzman, Y. Zhang, O. Mouane, R. I. Hernandez-Aranda, T. Konrad, and A. Forbes, “Characterizing quantum channels with non-separable states of classical light,” Nat. Phys. 13, 397–402 (2017).
[Crossref]

I. Moreno, J. A. Davis, K. Badham, M. M. Sánchez-López, J. E. Holland, and D. M. Cottrell, “Vector beam polarization state spectrum analyzer,” Sci. Rep. 7, 2216 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2016 (9)

A. Trichili, C. Rosales-Guzmán, A. Dudley, B. Ndagano, A. B. Salem, M. Zghal, and A. Forbes, “Optical communication beyond orbital angular momentum,” Sci. Rep. 6, 27674 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Naidoo, F. S. Roux, A. Dudley, I. Litvin, B. Piccirillo, L. Marrucci, and A. Forbes, “Controlled generation of higher-order poincaré sphere beams from a laser,” Nat. Photon. 10, 327–332 (2016).
[Crossref]

A. Forbes, A. Dudley, and M. McLaren, “Creation and detection of optical modes with spatial light modulators,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 8, 200–227 (2016).
[Crossref]

J. A. Davis, I. Moreno, K. Badham, M. M. Sánchez-López, and D. M. Cottrell, “Nondiffracting vector beams where the charge and the polarization state vary with propagation distance,” Opt. Lett. 41, 2270–2273 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Li, B. Wang, and X. Zhang, “High-dimensional encoding based on classical nonseparability,” Opt. Express 24, 15143 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Ndagano, H. Sroor, M. McLaren, C. Rosales-Guzmán, and A. Forbes, “Beam quality measure for vector beams,” Opt. Lett. 41, 3407 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. A. Cox, C. Rosales-Guzmán, M. P. J. Lavery, D. J. Versfeld, and A. Forbes, “On the resilience of scalar and vector vortex modes in turbulence,” Opt. Express 24, 18105–18113 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Fu, S. Zhang, T. Wang, and C. Gao, “Rectilinear lattices of polarization vortices with various spatial polarization distributions,” Opt. Express 24, 18486–18491 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Fu, C. Gao, T. Wang, S. Zhang, and Y. Zhai, “Simultaneous generation of multiple perfect polarization vortices with selective spatial states in various diffraction orders,” Opt. Lett. 41, 5454–5457 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2015 (5)

M. McLaren, T. Konrad, and A. Forbes, “Measuring the nonseparability of vector vortex beams,” Phys. Rev. A 92, 023833 (2015).
[Crossref]

G. Milione, M. P. Lavery, H. Huang, Y. Ren, G. Xie, T. A. Nguyen, E. Karimi, L. Marrucci, D. A. Nolan, R. R. Alfano, and et al., “4× 20 gbit/s mode division multiplexing over free space using vector modes and a q-plate mode (de) multiplexer,” Opt. Lett. 40, 1980–1983 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Chen, T. Zeng, B. Qian, and J. Ding, “Complete shaping of optical vector beams,” Opt. Express 23, 17701–17710 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Milione, T. A. Nguyen, J. Leach, D. A. Nolan, and R. R. Alfano, “Using the nonseparability of vector beams to encode information for optical communication,” Opt. Lett. 40, 4887 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. McLaren, T. Konrad, and A. Forbes, “Measuring the nonseparability of vector vortex beams,” Phys. Rev. A 92, 023833 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (2)

Y. Liu, X. Ling, X. Yi, X. Zhou, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Realization of polarization evolution on higher-order poincarŐ sphere with metasurface,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 191110 (2014).
[Crossref]

S. Chen, X. Zhou, Y. Liu, X. Ling, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Generation of arbitrary cylindrical vector beams on the higher order poincaré sphere,” Opt. Lett. 39, 5274–5276 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (3)

A. Dudley, Y. Li, T. Mhlanga, M. Escuti, and A. Forbes, “Generating and measuring nondiffracting vector Bessel beams,” Opt. Lett. 38, 3429–3432 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Woerdemann, C. Alpmann, M. Esseling, and C. Denz, “Advanced optical trapping by complex beam shaping,” Laser Photon. Rev. 7, 839–854 (2013).
[Crossref]

N. Bozinovic, Y. Yue, Y. Ren, M. Tur, P. Kristensen, H. Huang, A. E. Willner, and S. Ramachandran, “Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in fibers,” Science 340, 1545–1548 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (4)

J. Wang, J.-Y. Yang, I. M. Fazal, N. Ahmed, Y. Yan, H. Huang, Y. Ren, Y. Yue, S. Dolinar, M. Tur, and A. E. Willner, “Terabit free-space data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing,” Nat. Photon. 6, 488–496 (2012).
[Crossref]

I. Moreno, J. A. Davis, T. M. Hernandez, D. M. Cottrell, and D. Sand, “Complete polarization control of light from a liquid crystal spatial light modulator,” Opt. Express 20, 364–376 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. J. Galvez, S. Khadka, W. H. Schubert, and S. Nomoto, “Poincaré beam patterns produced by nonseparable superpositions of laguerre-gauss and polarization modes of light,” Appl. Opt. 51, 2925–2934 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Liu, P. Li, T. Peng, and J. Zhao, “Generation of arbitrary spatially variant polarization beams with a trapezoid Sagnac interferometer,” Opt. Express 20, 21715 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (1)

G. Milione, H. I. Sztul, D. A. Nolan, and R. R. Alfano, “Higher-order poincaré sphere, stokes parameters, and the angular momentum of light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 053601 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (1)

T. Čižmár, L. C. D. Romero, K. Dholakia, and D. L. Andrews, “Multiple optical trapping and binding: new routes to self-assembly,” J. Phys. B 43, 102001 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (1)

Q. Zhan, “Cylindrical vector beams: from mathematical concepts to applications,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 1, 1–57 (2009).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

C. Maurer, A. Jesacher, S. Fürhapter, S. Bernet, and M. Ritsch-Marte, “Tailoring of arbitrary optical vector beams,” New J. Phys. 9, 78 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

L. Marrucci, C. Manzo, and D. Paparo, “Optical Spin-to-Orbital Angular Momentum Conversion in Inhomogeneous Anisotropic Media,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 163905 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (1)

A. Niv, G. Biener, V. Kleiner, and E. Hasman, “Propagation-invariant vectorial bessel beams obtained by use of quantized pancharatnam–berry phase optical elements,” Opt. Lett. 29, 238–240 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (1)

W. Wootters, “Entanglement of formation and concurrence,” Quantum Information and Computation 1, 27–44 (2001).

1990 (1)

S. C. Tidwell, D. H. Ford, and W. D. Kimura, “Generating radially polarized beams interferometrically,” Appl. Opt. 29, 2234–2239 (1990).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ahmed, N.

Alfano, R. R.

G. Milione, H. I. Sztul, D. A. Nolan, and R. R. Alfano, “Higher-order poincaré sphere, stokes parameters, and the angular momentum of light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 053601 (2011).
[Crossref]

Alpmann, C.

M. Woerdemann, C. Alpmann, M. Esseling, and C. Denz, “Advanced optical trapping by complex beam shaping,” Laser Photon. Rev. 7, 839–854 (2013).
[Crossref]

Andrews, D. L.

T. Čižmár, L. C. D. Romero, K. Dholakia, and D. L. Andrews, “Multiple optical trapping and binding: new routes to self-assembly,” J. Phys. B 43, 102001 (2010).
[Crossref]

Badham, K.

I. Moreno, J. A. Davis, K. Badham, M. M. Sánchez-López, J. E. Holland, and D. M. Cottrell, “Vector beam polarization state spectrum analyzer,” Sci. Rep. 7, 2216 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Baker, M.

Banzer, P.

Bauer, T.

Belmonte, A.

Bernet, S.

C. Maurer, A. Jesacher, S. Fürhapter, S. Bernet, and M. Ritsch-Marte, “Tailoring of arbitrary optical vector beams,” New J. Phys. 9, 78 (2007).
[Crossref]

Berry, M. V.

Bhebhe, N.

C. Rosales-Guzmán, N. Bhebhe, N. Mahonisi, and A. Forbes, “Multiplexing 200 modes on a single digital hologram,” arXiv:1706.06129v1 (2017).

Biener, G.

Bigelow, N. P.

Bozinovic, N.

Chen, S.

S. Chen, X. Zhou, Y. Liu, X. Ling, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Generation of arbitrary cylindrical vector beams on the higher order poincaré sphere,” Opt. Lett. 39, 5274–5276 (2014).
[Crossref]

Chen, Z.

Z. Chen, T. Zeng, B. Qian, and J. Ding, “Complete shaping of optical vector beams,” Opt. Express 23, 17701–17710 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cižmár, T.

T. Čižmár, L. C. D. Romero, K. Dholakia, and D. L. Andrews, “Multiple optical trapping and binding: new routes to self-assembly,” J. Phys. B 43, 102001 (2010).
[Crossref]

Cottrell, D. M.

I. Moreno, J. A. Davis, K. Badham, M. M. Sánchez-López, J. E. Holland, and D. M. Cottrell, “Vector beam polarization state spectrum analyzer,” Sci. Rep. 7, 2216 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cox, M. A.

Davis, J. A.

I. Moreno, J. A. Davis, K. Badham, M. M. Sánchez-López, J. E. Holland, and D. M. Cottrell, “Vector beam polarization state spectrum analyzer,” Sci. Rep. 7, 2216 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dennis, M. R.

Denz, C.

M. Woerdemann, C. Alpmann, M. Esseling, and C. Denz, “Advanced optical trapping by complex beam shaping,” Laser Photon. Rev. 7, 839–854 (2013).
[Crossref]

Dholakia, K.

T. Čižmár, L. C. D. Romero, K. Dholakia, and D. L. Andrews, “Multiple optical trapping and binding: new routes to self-assembly,” J. Phys. B 43, 102001 (2010).
[Crossref]

Ding, J.

Z. Chen, T. Zeng, B. Qian, and J. Ding, “Complete shaping of optical vector beams,” Opt. Express 23, 17701–17710 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dolinar, S.

Dudley, A.

A. Forbes, A. Dudley, and M. McLaren, “Creation and detection of optical modes with spatial light modulators,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 8, 200–227 (2016).
[Crossref]

A. Dudley, Y. Li, T. Mhlanga, M. Escuti, and A. Forbes, “Generating and measuring nondiffracting vector Bessel beams,” Opt. Lett. 38, 3429–3432 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Escuti, M.

A. Dudley, Y. Li, T. Mhlanga, M. Escuti, and A. Forbes, “Generating and measuring nondiffracting vector Bessel beams,” Opt. Lett. 38, 3429–3432 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Esseling, M.

M. Woerdemann, C. Alpmann, M. Esseling, and C. Denz, “Advanced optical trapping by complex beam shaping,” Laser Photon. Rev. 7, 839–854 (2013).
[Crossref]

Fazal, I. M.

Fickler, R.

Forbes, A.

A. Forbes, A. Dudley, and M. McLaren, “Creation and detection of optical modes with spatial light modulators,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 8, 200–227 (2016).
[Crossref]

B. Ndagano, H. Sroor, M. McLaren, C. Rosales-Guzmán, and A. Forbes, “Beam quality measure for vector beams,” Opt. Lett. 41, 3407 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. McLaren, T. Konrad, and A. Forbes, “Measuring the nonseparability of vector vortex beams,” Phys. Rev. A 92, 023833 (2015).
[Crossref]

A. Dudley, Y. Li, T. Mhlanga, M. Escuti, and A. Forbes, “Generating and measuring nondiffracting vector Bessel beams,” Opt. Lett. 38, 3429–3432 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Rosales-Guzmán, N. Bhebhe, N. Mahonisi, and A. Forbes, “Multiplexing 200 modes on a single digital hologram,” arXiv:1706.06129v1 (2017).

C. Rosales-Guzmán and A. Forbes, How to Shape Light with Spatial Light Modulators (SPIE, 2017).
[Crossref]

Ford, D. H.

S. C. Tidwell, D. H. Ford, and W. D. Kimura, “Generating radially polarized beams interferometrically,” Appl. Opt. 29, 2234–2239 (1990).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fu, S.

S. Fu, S. Zhang, T. Wang, and C. Gao, “Rectilinear lattices of polarization vortices with various spatial polarization distributions,” Opt. Express 24, 18486–18491 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fürhapter, S.

C. Maurer, A. Jesacher, S. Fürhapter, S. Bernet, and M. Ritsch-Marte, “Tailoring of arbitrary optical vector beams,” New J. Phys. 9, 78 (2007).
[Crossref]

Galvez, E. J.

Gao, C.

S. Fu, S. Zhang, T. Wang, and C. Gao, “Rectilinear lattices of polarization vortices with various spatial polarization distributions,” Opt. Express 24, 18486–18491 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gordon, R.

Hasman, E.

Hernandez, T. M.

Hernandez-Aranda, R. I.

Holland, J. E.

I. Moreno, J. A. Davis, K. Badham, M. M. Sánchez-López, J. E. Holland, and D. M. Cottrell, “Vector beam polarization state spectrum analyzer,” Sci. Rep. 7, 2216 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Huang, H.

Jesacher, A.

C. Maurer, A. Jesacher, S. Fürhapter, S. Bernet, and M. Ritsch-Marte, “Tailoring of arbitrary optical vector beams,” New J. Phys. 9, 78 (2007).
[Crossref]

Karimi, E.

Khadka, S.

Kimura, W. D.

S. C. Tidwell, D. H. Ford, and W. D. Kimura, “Generating radially polarized beams interferometrically,” Appl. Opt. 29, 2234–2239 (1990).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kleiner, V.

Konrad, T.

M. McLaren, T. Konrad, and A. Forbes, “Measuring the nonseparability of vector vortex beams,” Phys. Rev. A 92, 023833 (2015).
[Crossref]

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P. Li, B. Wang, and X. Zhang, “High-dimensional encoding based on classical nonseparability,” Opt. Express 24, 15143 (2016).
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S. Liu, P. Li, T. Peng, and J. Zhao, “Generation of arbitrary spatially variant polarization beams with a trapezoid Sagnac interferometer,” Opt. Express 20, 21715 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, Y.

A. Dudley, Y. Li, T. Mhlanga, M. Escuti, and A. Forbes, “Generating and measuring nondiffracting vector Bessel beams,” Opt. Lett. 38, 3429–3432 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ling, X.

Y. Liu, X. Ling, X. Yi, X. Zhou, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Realization of polarization evolution on higher-order poincarŐ sphere with metasurface,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 191110 (2014).
[Crossref]

S. Chen, X. Zhou, Y. Liu, X. Ling, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Generation of arbitrary cylindrical vector beams on the higher order poincaré sphere,” Opt. Lett. 39, 5274–5276 (2014).
[Crossref]

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Litvin, I.

Liu, S.

S. Liu, P. Li, T. Peng, and J. Zhao, “Generation of arbitrary spatially variant polarization beams with a trapezoid Sagnac interferometer,” Opt. Express 20, 21715 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, Y.

S. Chen, X. Zhou, Y. Liu, X. Ling, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Generation of arbitrary cylindrical vector beams on the higher order poincaré sphere,” Opt. Lett. 39, 5274–5276 (2014).
[Crossref]

Y. Liu, X. Ling, X. Yi, X. Zhou, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Realization of polarization evolution on higher-order poincarŐ sphere with metasurface,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 191110 (2014).
[Crossref]

Luo, H.

Y. Liu, X. Ling, X. Yi, X. Zhou, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Realization of polarization evolution on higher-order poincarŐ sphere with metasurface,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 191110 (2014).
[Crossref]

S. Chen, X. Zhou, Y. Liu, X. Ling, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Generation of arbitrary cylindrical vector beams on the higher order poincaré sphere,” Opt. Lett. 39, 5274–5276 (2014).
[Crossref]

Mahonisi, N.

C. Rosales-Guzmán, N. Bhebhe, N. Mahonisi, and A. Forbes, “Multiplexing 200 modes on a single digital hologram,” arXiv:1706.06129v1 (2017).

Mansuripur, M.

Manzo, C.

L. Marrucci, C. Manzo, and D. Paparo, “Optical Spin-to-Orbital Angular Momentum Conversion in Inhomogeneous Anisotropic Media,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 163905 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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L. Marrucci, C. Manzo, and D. Paparo, “Optical Spin-to-Orbital Angular Momentum Conversion in Inhomogeneous Anisotropic Media,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 163905 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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C. Maurer, A. Jesacher, S. Fürhapter, S. Bernet, and M. Ritsch-Marte, “Tailoring of arbitrary optical vector beams,” New J. Phys. 9, 78 (2007).
[Crossref]

McLaren, M.

A. Forbes, A. Dudley, and M. McLaren, “Creation and detection of optical modes with spatial light modulators,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 8, 200–227 (2016).
[Crossref]

B. Ndagano, H. Sroor, M. McLaren, C. Rosales-Guzmán, and A. Forbes, “Beam quality measure for vector beams,” Opt. Lett. 41, 3407 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. McLaren, T. Konrad, and A. Forbes, “Measuring the nonseparability of vector vortex beams,” Phys. Rev. A 92, 023833 (2015).
[Crossref]

McMorran, B.

Mhlanga, T.

A. Dudley, Y. Li, T. Mhlanga, M. Escuti, and A. Forbes, “Generating and measuring nondiffracting vector Bessel beams,” Opt. Lett. 38, 3429–3432 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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G. Milione, H. I. Sztul, D. A. Nolan, and R. R. Alfano, “Higher-order poincaré sphere, stokes parameters, and the angular momentum of light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 053601 (2011).
[Crossref]

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I. Moreno, J. A. Davis, K. Badham, M. M. Sánchez-López, J. E. Holland, and D. M. Cottrell, “Vector beam polarization state spectrum analyzer,” Sci. Rep. 7, 2216 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Naidoo, D.

Ndagano, B.

B. Ndagano, H. Sroor, M. McLaren, C. Rosales-Guzmán, and A. Forbes, “Beam quality measure for vector beams,” Opt. Lett. 41, 3407 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Nguyen, T. A.

Niv, A.

Nolan, D. A.

G. Milione, H. I. Sztul, D. A. Nolan, and R. R. Alfano, “Higher-order poincaré sphere, stokes parameters, and the angular momentum of light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 053601 (2011).
[Crossref]

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Padgett, M.

Paparo, D.

L. Marrucci, C. Manzo, and D. Paparo, “Optical Spin-to-Orbital Angular Momentum Conversion in Inhomogeneous Anisotropic Media,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 163905 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Peng, T.

S. Liu, P. Li, T. Peng, and J. Zhao, “Generation of arbitrary spatially variant polarization beams with a trapezoid Sagnac interferometer,” Opt. Express 20, 21715 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Piccirillo, B.

Qian, B.

Z. Chen, T. Zeng, B. Qian, and J. Ding, “Complete shaping of optical vector beams,” Opt. Express 23, 17701–17710 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Ren, Y.

Ritsch-Marte, M.

C. Maurer, A. Jesacher, S. Fürhapter, S. Bernet, and M. Ritsch-Marte, “Tailoring of arbitrary optical vector beams,” New J. Phys. 9, 78 (2007).
[Crossref]

Romero, J.

Romero, L. C. D.

T. Čižmár, L. C. D. Romero, K. Dholakia, and D. L. Andrews, “Multiple optical trapping and binding: new routes to self-assembly,” J. Phys. B 43, 102001 (2010).
[Crossref]

Rosales-Guzman, C.

Rosales-Guzmán, C.

B. Ndagano, H. Sroor, M. McLaren, C. Rosales-Guzmán, and A. Forbes, “Beam quality measure for vector beams,” Opt. Lett. 41, 3407 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Rosales-Guzmán, N. Bhebhe, N. Mahonisi, and A. Forbes, “Multiplexing 200 modes on a single digital hologram,” arXiv:1706.06129v1 (2017).

C. Rosales-Guzmán and A. Forbes, How to Shape Light with Spatial Light Modulators (SPIE, 2017).
[Crossref]

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Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H.

Salem, A. B.

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I. Moreno, J. A. Davis, K. Badham, M. M. Sánchez-López, J. E. Holland, and D. M. Cottrell, “Vector beam polarization state spectrum analyzer,” Sci. Rep. 7, 2216 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Schubert, W. H.

Sroor, H.

B. Ndagano, H. Sroor, M. McLaren, C. Rosales-Guzmán, and A. Forbes, “Beam quality measure for vector beams,” Opt. Lett. 41, 3407 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Sztul, H. I.

G. Milione, H. I. Sztul, D. A. Nolan, and R. R. Alfano, “Higher-order poincaré sphere, stokes parameters, and the angular momentum of light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 053601 (2011).
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[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wang, J.

Wang, T.

S. Fu, S. Zhang, T. Wang, and C. Gao, “Rectilinear lattices of polarization vortices with various spatial polarization distributions,” Opt. Express 24, 18486–18491 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Wen, S.

Y. Liu, X. Ling, X. Yi, X. Zhou, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Realization of polarization evolution on higher-order poincarŐ sphere with metasurface,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 191110 (2014).
[Crossref]

S. Chen, X. Zhou, Y. Liu, X. Ling, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Generation of arbitrary cylindrical vector beams on the higher order poincaré sphere,” Opt. Lett. 39, 5274–5276 (2014).
[Crossref]

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Willner, A. E.

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M. Woerdemann, C. Alpmann, M. Esseling, and C. Denz, “Advanced optical trapping by complex beam shaping,” Laser Photon. Rev. 7, 839–854 (2013).
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W. Wootters, “Entanglement of formation and concurrence,” Quantum Information and Computation 1, 27–44 (2001).

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Y. Liu, X. Ling, X. Yi, X. Zhou, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Realization of polarization evolution on higher-order poincarŐ sphere with metasurface,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 191110 (2014).
[Crossref]

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Zeng, T.

Z. Chen, T. Zeng, B. Qian, and J. Ding, “Complete shaping of optical vector beams,” Opt. Express 23, 17701–17710 (2015).
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Q. Zhan, “Cylindrical vector beams: from mathematical concepts to applications,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 1, 1–57 (2009).
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S. Fu, S. Zhang, T. Wang, and C. Gao, “Rectilinear lattices of polarization vortices with various spatial polarization distributions,” Opt. Express 24, 18486–18491 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, X.

P. Li, B. Wang, and X. Zhang, “High-dimensional encoding based on classical nonseparability,” Opt. Express 24, 15143 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, Y.

Zhao, J.

S. Liu, P. Li, T. Peng, and J. Zhao, “Generation of arbitrary spatially variant polarization beams with a trapezoid Sagnac interferometer,” Opt. Express 20, 21715 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhou, X.

Y. Liu, X. Ling, X. Yi, X. Zhou, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Realization of polarization evolution on higher-order poincarŐ sphere with metasurface,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 191110 (2014).
[Crossref]

S. Chen, X. Zhou, Y. Liu, X. Ling, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Generation of arbitrary cylindrical vector beams on the higher order poincaré sphere,” Opt. Lett. 39, 5274–5276 (2014).
[Crossref]

Adv. Opt. Photonics (2)

Q. Zhan, “Cylindrical vector beams: from mathematical concepts to applications,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 1, 1–57 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. Forbes, A. Dudley, and M. McLaren, “Creation and detection of optical modes with spatial light modulators,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 8, 200–227 (2016).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (2)

S. C. Tidwell, D. H. Ford, and W. D. Kimura, “Generating radially polarized beams interferometrically,” Appl. Opt. 29, 2234–2239 (1990).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

Y. Liu, X. Ling, X. Yi, X. Zhou, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Realization of polarization evolution on higher-order poincarŐ sphere with metasurface,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 191110 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. (1)

J. Phys. B (1)

T. Čižmár, L. C. D. Romero, K. Dholakia, and D. L. Andrews, “Multiple optical trapping and binding: new routes to self-assembly,” J. Phys. B 43, 102001 (2010).
[Crossref]

Laser Photon. Rev. (1)

M. Woerdemann, C. Alpmann, M. Esseling, and C. Denz, “Advanced optical trapping by complex beam shaping,” Laser Photon. Rev. 7, 839–854 (2013).
[Crossref]

Nat. Photon. (2)

Nat. Phys. (1)

New J. Phys. (1)

C. Maurer, A. Jesacher, S. Fürhapter, S. Bernet, and M. Ritsch-Marte, “Tailoring of arbitrary optical vector beams,” New J. Phys. 9, 78 (2007).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (6)

S. Liu, P. Li, T. Peng, and J. Zhao, “Generation of arbitrary spatially variant polarization beams with a trapezoid Sagnac interferometer,” Opt. Express 20, 21715 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Chen, T. Zeng, B. Qian, and J. Ding, “Complete shaping of optical vector beams,” Opt. Express 23, 17701–17710 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Li, B. Wang, and X. Zhang, “High-dimensional encoding based on classical nonseparability,” Opt. Express 24, 15143 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Fu, S. Zhang, T. Wang, and C. Gao, “Rectilinear lattices of polarization vortices with various spatial polarization distributions,” Opt. Express 24, 18486–18491 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (8)

B. Ndagano, H. Sroor, M. McLaren, C. Rosales-Guzmán, and A. Forbes, “Beam quality measure for vector beams,” Opt. Lett. 41, 3407 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Dudley, Y. Li, T. Mhlanga, M. Escuti, and A. Forbes, “Generating and measuring nondiffracting vector Bessel beams,” Opt. Lett. 38, 3429–3432 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Chen, X. Zhou, Y. Liu, X. Ling, H. Luo, and S. Wen, “Generation of arbitrary cylindrical vector beams on the higher order poincaré sphere,” Opt. Lett. 39, 5274–5276 (2014).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. A (2)

M. McLaren, T. Konrad, and A. Forbes, “Measuring the nonseparability of vector vortex beams,” Phys. Rev. A 92, 023833 (2015).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (2)

G. Milione, H. I. Sztul, D. A. Nolan, and R. R. Alfano, “Higher-order poincaré sphere, stokes parameters, and the angular momentum of light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 053601 (2011).
[Crossref]

L. Marrucci, C. Manzo, and D. Paparo, “Optical Spin-to-Orbital Angular Momentum Conversion in Inhomogeneous Anisotropic Media,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 163905 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Quantum Information and Computation (1)

W. Wootters, “Entanglement of formation and concurrence,” Quantum Information and Computation 1, 27–44 (2001).

Sci. Rep. (2)

I. Moreno, J. A. Davis, K. Badham, M. M. Sánchez-López, J. E. Holland, and D. M. Cottrell, “Vector beam polarization state spectrum analyzer,” Sci. Rep. 7, 2216 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Science (1)

Other (2)

C. Rosales-Guzmán, N. Bhebhe, N. Mahonisi, and A. Forbes, “Multiplexing 200 modes on a single digital hologram,” arXiv:1706.06129v1 (2017).

C. Rosales-Guzmán and A. Forbes, How to Shape Light with Spatial Light Modulators (SPIE, 2017).
[Crossref]

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Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the implemented setup to generate multiple cylindrical vector beams. SLM: Spatial light modulator; DM: D-shaped mirror; M_1,2,3: mirrors; PBS: Polarizing beam splitter; QWP: Quarter-wave plate; HWP: Half-wave plate: L: Lens.

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Fig. 2 (a) Several holograms are multiplexed with appropriate gratings to generate two sets of beams, one traveling along path A and another along B. The topological charges of each set should be selected carefully to generate the desired CVB. (b) By recombining the beams on paths A and B with appropriate orthogonal polarizations and phase delays any vector beam can be generated. This figure only depicts the principle behind our generation method, the holograms shown here do not correspond to the intensity profiles shown. The same applies for the topological charges, they have to be carefully chosen to generate the desired vector beam.

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Fig. 3 (a) Intensity profile of twelve multiplexed CVB from the High Order Pincaré sphere, arrows depict the polarization state for each of them. Polarization state after an analyzer at (b) 0°, (c) 45°, (d) 90°. Modes one to six correspond to a Poincaré sphere defined by a topological charge ℓ = +1 (e), whereas modes six to twelve corresponds to a topological charge ℓ = −1(f).

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Fig. 4 (a) Experimental intensity profile of sixteen multiplexed CVB with eight orthogonal polarization states, indicated by the arrows, for ℓ = 1 and ℓ = 2. Intensity profile of the CVB when a linear polarized is placed at (b) 0°, (c) 45°, (d) 90° and 135°.

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Fig. 5 (a) Experimental intensity profiles of sixteen multiplexed vector Bessel beams with eight orthogonal polarization given by ℓ = ±1 and ±2. Corresponding intensity profile when an analyzer at (b) 0°, (c) 45°, (d) 90° and (e) 145° is placed before the CCD camera. (f) Far field intensity profile of Bessel beams.

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Fig. 6 Common intensity patterns acquired with a CCD camera for a vector (a) and a scalar (c) beam. Normalized intensity values from which the VQF is determined for a vector (b) and a scalar (d) beam.

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Tables (2)

Table 1 Experimental values of generated HOPS modes.

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Table 2 Normalized intensity measurements I_mn to determine the expectation values 〈σ_i〉.

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Equations (13)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

Ψ = Ψ_{R}^{ℓ} e^{i ℓ ϕ} e^{i α_{1}} {\hat{e}}_{R} + Ψ_{L}^{- ℓ} e^{- i ℓ ϕ} e^{i α_{2}} {\hat{e}}_{L}

t_{g} (x, y) = \exp [i 2 π (x \frac{U}{λ f} + y \frac{V}{λ f})],

Φ_{M} = \mod {\sum_{j = 1}^{M} [h_{j} + 2 π (x \frac{U_{j}}{λ f} + y \frac{V_{j}}{λ f})] + \sum_{k = 1}^{M} [h_{k} + 2 π (x \frac{U_{k}}{λ f} + y \frac{V_{k}}{λ f})], 2 π},

Ψ_{φ, α} = \cos (\frac{φ}{2}) e^{i ℓ ϕ} e^{- i α / 2} {\hat{e}}_{R} + \sin (\frac{φ}{2}) e^{- i ℓ ϕ} e^{i α / 2} {\hat{e}}_{L},

T M = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (e^{i ℓ ϕ} e_{R} + e^{- i ℓ ϕ} e_{L}),

T E = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (e^{i ℓ ϕ} e_{R} - e^{- i ℓ ϕ} e_{L}),

H E^{e} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (e^{i ℓ ϕ} e_{L} + e^{- i ℓ ϕ} e_{R}),

H E^{o} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (e^{i ℓ ϕ} e_{L} - e^{- i ℓ ϕ} e_{R})

VQF = Re (C) = Re (\sqrt{1 - s^{2}}),

s = {(\sum_{i} {〈 σ_{i} 〉}^{2})}^{1 / 2}

〈 σ_{1} 〉 = (I_{13} + I_{23}) - (I_{15} + I_{25}),

〈 σ_{2} 〉 = (I_{14} + I_{24}) - (I_{16} + I_{26}),

〈 σ_{3} 〉 = (I_{11} + I_{21}) - (I_{12} + I_{22}) .

n	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
α	0	0	π	0	π/2	3π/2	0	0	π	0	π/2	3π/2
φ	0	π	π/2	π/2	π/2	π/2	0	π	π/2	π/2	π/2	π/2
Δα	–	–	π 2/	π/2	π/2	π/2	–	–	π/2	π/2	π/2	π/2
u_A	−.28	–	−.28	−.18	−.28	−.18	−.15	−	−.15	−.12	−.15	−.12
v_A	.13	–	.07	.07	.05	.05	.13	−	.07	.07	.05	.05
u_B	–	.15	.12	.15	.12	.15	–	.27	19	.27	.19	.27
v_B	–	.15	.12	.15	.12	.15	–	.27	19	.27	.19	.27

Basis states	ℓ = 1	ℓ = −1	γ = 0	π/2	π	3π/2
Basis states
L	I₁₁	I₁₂	I₁₃	I₁₄	I₁₅	I₁₆
R	I₂₁	I₂₂	I₂₃	I₂₄	I₂₅	I₂₆

n	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
α	0	0	π	0	π/2	3π/2	0	0	π	0	π/2	3π/2
φ	0	π	π/2	π/2	π/2	π/2	0	π	π/2	π/2	π/2	π/2
Δα	–	–	π 2/	π/2	π/2	π/2	–	–	π/2	π/2	π/2	π/2
u_A	−.28	–	−.28	−.18	−.28	−.18	−.15	−	−.15	−.12	−.15	−.12
v_A	.13	–	.07	.07	.05	.05	.13	−	.07	.07	.05	.05
u_B	–	.15	.12	.15	.12	.15	–	.27	19	.27	.19	.27
v_B	–	.15	.12	.15	.12	.15	–	.27	19	.27	.19	.27

Basis states	ℓ = 1	ℓ = −1	γ = 0	π/2	π	3π/2
Basis states
L	I₁₁	I₁₂	I₁₃	I₁₄	I₁₅	I₁₆
R	I₂₁	I₂₂	I₂₃	I₂₄	I₂₅	I₂₆