User-centric quality of experience optimized resource allocation algorithm in VLC network with multi-color LED

Xu Bao; Xinxin Gu; Wence Zhang

doi:10.1364/OE.26.027826

User-centric quality of experience optimized resource allocation algorithm in VLC network with multi-color LED

Xu Bao, Xinxin Gu, and Wence Zhang

Optics Express
Vol. 26,
Issue 21,
pp. 27826-27841
(2018)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.027826

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Xu Bao, Xinxin Gu, and Wence Zhang, "User-centric quality of experience optimized resource allocation algorithm in VLC network with multi-color LED," Opt. Express 26, 27826-27841 (2018)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Optical Communications and Interconnects
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: July 31, 2018
- Revised Manuscript: September 13, 2018
- Manuscript Accepted: September 13, 2018
- Published: October 9, 2018

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

Visible light communication (VLC) can provide indoor illumination while achieving high network throughput. In order to mitigate the performance degradation caused by inter-cell interference (ICI) and support multiple users, this paper utilizes the white LED synthesized by multi-color light sources as indoor illumination and signal transmissions. Compared with ordinary LEDs, multi-color LEDs not only has excellent color rendering index, but also realize multi-channel parallel transmission, which greatly improves the transmission speed of VLC. Meanwhile, we propose a user-centric (UC) quality of experience (QoE) optimization scheduling scheme for the VLC down-link system. In contrast to the traditional network-centric (NC) design, the UC scheme is based on the user-centric dynamic construction and adjustment of the network model. Furthermore, in order to further analyze the performances of the illuminations and signal transmissions of the VLC system with multi-color LED, we consider the system model under two scenarios of 3-color and 4-color synthetic white LEDs. For these two different LED composition and optimization problems, we design a new greedy algorithm to allocate optical bandwidth, and dynamically searched for the optimal access point user equipment (AP-UE) link based on optimization of the UEs’ QoE values. In order to analyze the robustness of the algorithm, we further consider the influences of UEs on the transmission performance under different UEs’ spatial distributions, e.g., uniform and Poisson distributions. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed scheme guarantees the UEs’ QoE while offering illumination quality. Meanwhile, compared to ordinary LEDs and the traditional network-centric (NC) design, our proposed scheme can schedules more UEs.

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References

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Publication

X. Bao, G. D. Yu, J. S. Dai, and X. R. Zhu, “Li-Fi: light fidelity-a survey,” Wirel. Netw. 21(6), 1879–1889 (2015).
[Crossref]
Y. Qiu, H. Chen, and W. Meng, “Channel modeling for visible light communications—a survey,” Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput 16(14), 2016–2034 (2016).
[Crossref]
M. Ayyash, H. Elgala, and A. Khreishah, “Coexistence of WiFi and LiFi toward 5G: concepts, opportunities, and challenges,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 54(2), 64–71 (2016).
[Crossref]
L. Feng, R. Q. Hu, and J. Wang, “Applying VLC in 5G networks: architectures and key technologies,” IEEE Net. 30(6), 77–83 (2016).
[Crossref]
X. Li, R. Zhang, and L. Hanzo, “Cooperative load balancing in hybrid visible light communications and WiFi,” IEEE Trans. Commun 63(4), 1319–1329 (2015).
[Crossref]
C. Chen, N. Serafimovski, and H. Haas, “Fractional frequency reuse in optical wireless cellular networks,” in Proc. IEEE PIMRC.(2013), pp. 3594–3598.
H.-S. Kim, D.-R. Kim, S.-H. Yang, Y.-H. Son, and S.-K. Han, “Mitigation of inter-cell interference utilizing carrier allocation in visible light communication system,” IEEE Commun. Lett. 16(4), 526–529 (2012).
[Crossref]
N. Le and Y. Jang, “Smart color channel allocation for visible light communication cell ID,” Opt. Switch. Netw. 15, 75–86 (2015).
[Crossref]
S. Shao, A. Khreishah, and I. Khalil, “Joint link scheduling and brightness control for greening VLC-based indoor access networks,” J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 8(3), 148–161 (2016).
[Crossref]
H. Liu, P. Xia, and Y. Chen, “Interference graph-based dynamic frequency reuse in optical attocell networks,” Opt. Commun. 402, 527–534 (2017).
[Crossref]
D. Bykhovsky and S. Arnon, “Multiple access resource allocation in visible light communication systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 32(8), 1594–1600 (2014).
[Crossref]
T.-V. Pham, H. Le-Minh, and A.-T. Pham, “Multi-User visible light communication broadcast channels with zero-forcing precoding,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 65(6), 2509–2521 (2017).
[Crossref]
K. Zhou, C. Gong, Q. Gao, and Z. Xu, “Inter-cell interference coordination for multi-color visible light communication networks,” in Proc. IEEE Global Conf. Signal Inf. Process.(2016), pp. 6–10.
K. Zhou, C. Gong, Q. Gao, and Z. Xu, “Color planning and intercell interference coordination for multicolor visible light communication networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 35(22), 4980–4993 (2017).
[Crossref]
Y. Tao, X. Liang, J. Wang, and C. Zhao, “Scheduling for indoor visible light communication based on graph theory,” Opt. Express 23(3), 2737–2752 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. Zhang, J. Wang, Z. Wang, and L. Hanzo, “Visible light communication in heterogeneous networks:paving the way for user-centric design,” IEEE Wireless Commun. 22(2), 8–16 (2015).
[Crossref]
X. Li, F. Jin, R. Zhang, J.-H. Wang, Z.-Y. Xu, and L. Hanzo, “Users first: user-centric cluster formation for interference-mitigation in visible-light networks,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 15(1), 39–53 (2016).
[Crossref]
D. OBrien, R. Turnbull, H. Le Minh, G. Faulkner, O. Bouchet, P. Porcon, M. El Tabach, E. Gueutier, M. Wolf, L. Grobe, and J. Li, “High-speed optical wireless demonstrators: conclusions and future directions,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(13), 2181–2187 (2012).
[Crossref]
T. Fath and H. Haas, “Performance comparison of MIMO techniques for optical wireless communications in indoor environments,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 61(2), 733–742 (2013).
[Crossref]
J. Kahn and J. Barry, “Wireless infrared communications,” Proc. IEEE 85(2), 265–298 (1994).
[Crossref]
F. Jin, R. Zhang, and L. Hanzo, “Resource allocation under delay-guarantee constraints for heterogeneous visible-light and RF femtocell,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 14(2), 1020–1034 (2015).
[Crossref]
J. Grubor, S. Randel, K. Langer, and J. Walewski, “Broadband information broadcasting using LED-based interior lighting,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(24), 3883–3892 (2008)..
[Crossref]
T. Komine and M. Nakagawa, “Fundamental analysis for visible- light communication system using LED lights,” IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 50(1), 100–107 (2004).
[Crossref]
R.-C. Streijl, S. Winkler, and D.-S. Hands, “Mean opinion score (MOS) revisited: methods and applications, limitations and alternatives,” Multimedia Syst. 22(2), 213–227 (2016).
[Crossref]
A. Anandkumar, N. Michael, and A.-K. Tang, “Distributed algorithms for learning and cognitive medium access with logarithmic regret,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 29(4), 731-745 (2011).
[Crossref]
S. Sengupta, M. Chatterjee, and S. Ganguly, “Improving quality of VoIP streams over WiMax,” IEEE Trans. Comput. 57(2), 145–156 (2008).
[Crossref]
A.-B. Reis, J. Chakareski, A. Kassler, and S. Sargento, “Distortion optimized multi-service scheduling for next-generation wireless mesh networks,” in Proc. INFOCOM IEEE Conf. Computer Communications Workshops. (2010), pp. 1–6.
F. Kelly, “Charging and rate control for elastic traffic,” Eur. Trans. Telecommun. 8(1), 33–37 (1997).
[Crossref]
IEEE 802.15.7-2011 - IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks–Part 15.7: Short-Range Wireless Optical Communication Using Visible Light, pp. 1309 (2011).
B. Bensaou, D. Tsang, and K. Chan, “Credit-based fair queueing (CBFQ): a simple service-scheduling algorithm for packet-switched networks,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 9(5), 591604 (2002).
[Crossref]

2017 (3)

H. Liu, P. Xia, and Y. Chen, “Interference graph-based dynamic frequency reuse in optical attocell networks,” Opt. Commun. 402, 527–534 (2017).
[Crossref]

T.-V. Pham, H. Le-Minh, and A.-T. Pham, “Multi-User visible light communication broadcast channels with zero-forcing precoding,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 65(6), 2509–2521 (2017).
[Crossref]

K. Zhou, C. Gong, Q. Gao, and Z. Xu, “Color planning and intercell interference coordination for multicolor visible light communication networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 35(22), 4980–4993 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (6)

X. Li, F. Jin, R. Zhang, J.-H. Wang, Z.-Y. Xu, and L. Hanzo, “Users first: user-centric cluster formation for interference-mitigation in visible-light networks,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 15(1), 39–53 (2016).
[Crossref]

S. Shao, A. Khreishah, and I. Khalil, “Joint link scheduling and brightness control for greening VLC-based indoor access networks,” J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 8(3), 148–161 (2016).
[Crossref]

Y. Qiu, H. Chen, and W. Meng, “Channel modeling for visible light communications—a survey,” Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput 16(14), 2016–2034 (2016).
[Crossref]

M. Ayyash, H. Elgala, and A. Khreishah, “Coexistence of WiFi and LiFi toward 5G: concepts, opportunities, and challenges,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 54(2), 64–71 (2016).
[Crossref]

L. Feng, R. Q. Hu, and J. Wang, “Applying VLC in 5G networks: architectures and key technologies,” IEEE Net. 30(6), 77–83 (2016).
[Crossref]

R.-C. Streijl, S. Winkler, and D.-S. Hands, “Mean opinion score (MOS) revisited: methods and applications, limitations and alternatives,” Multimedia Syst. 22(2), 213–227 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (6)

X. Bao, G. D. Yu, J. S. Dai, and X. R. Zhu, “Li-Fi: light fidelity-a survey,” Wirel. Netw. 21(6), 1879–1889 (2015).
[Crossref]

N. Le and Y. Jang, “Smart color channel allocation for visible light communication cell ID,” Opt. Switch. Netw. 15, 75–86 (2015).
[Crossref]

F. Jin, R. Zhang, and L. Hanzo, “Resource allocation under delay-guarantee constraints for heterogeneous visible-light and RF femtocell,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 14(2), 1020–1034 (2015).
[Crossref]

X. Li, R. Zhang, and L. Hanzo, “Cooperative load balancing in hybrid visible light communications and WiFi,” IEEE Trans. Commun 63(4), 1319–1329 (2015).
[Crossref]

Y. Tao, X. Liang, J. Wang, and C. Zhao, “Scheduling for indoor visible light communication based on graph theory,” Opt. Express 23(3), 2737–2752 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Zhang, J. Wang, Z. Wang, and L. Hanzo, “Visible light communication in heterogeneous networks:paving the way for user-centric design,” IEEE Wireless Commun. 22(2), 8–16 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (1)

D. Bykhovsky and S. Arnon, “Multiple access resource allocation in visible light communication systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 32(8), 1594–1600 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (1)

T. Fath and H. Haas, “Performance comparison of MIMO techniques for optical wireless communications in indoor environments,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 61(2), 733–742 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (2)

H.-S. Kim, D.-R. Kim, S.-H. Yang, Y.-H. Son, and S.-K. Han, “Mitigation of inter-cell interference utilizing carrier allocation in visible light communication system,” IEEE Commun. Lett. 16(4), 526–529 (2012).
[Crossref]

D. OBrien, R. Turnbull, H. Le Minh, G. Faulkner, O. Bouchet, P. Porcon, M. El Tabach, E. Gueutier, M. Wolf, L. Grobe, and J. Li, “High-speed optical wireless demonstrators: conclusions and future directions,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(13), 2181–2187 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

A. Anandkumar, N. Michael, and A.-K. Tang, “Distributed algorithms for learning and cognitive medium access with logarithmic regret,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 29(4), 731-745 (2011).
[Crossref]

2008 (2)

S. Sengupta, M. Chatterjee, and S. Ganguly, “Improving quality of VoIP streams over WiMax,” IEEE Trans. Comput. 57(2), 145–156 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. Grubor, S. Randel, K. Langer, and J. Walewski, “Broadband information broadcasting using LED-based interior lighting,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(24), 3883–3892 (2008)..
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

T. Komine and M. Nakagawa, “Fundamental analysis for visible- light communication system using LED lights,” IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 50(1), 100–107 (2004).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

B. Bensaou, D. Tsang, and K. Chan, “Credit-based fair queueing (CBFQ): a simple service-scheduling algorithm for packet-switched networks,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 9(5), 591604 (2002).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

F. Kelly, “Charging and rate control for elastic traffic,” Eur. Trans. Telecommun. 8(1), 33–37 (1997).
[Crossref]

1994 (1)

J. Kahn and J. Barry, “Wireless infrared communications,” Proc. IEEE 85(2), 265–298 (1994).
[Crossref]

Anandkumar, A.

A. Anandkumar, N. Michael, and A.-K. Tang, “Distributed algorithms for learning and cognitive medium access with logarithmic regret,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 29(4), 731-745 (2011).
[Crossref]

Arnon, S.

D. Bykhovsky and S. Arnon, “Multiple access resource allocation in visible light communication systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 32(8), 1594–1600 (2014).
[Crossref]

Ayyash, M.

M. Ayyash, H. Elgala, and A. Khreishah, “Coexistence of WiFi and LiFi toward 5G: concepts, opportunities, and challenges,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 54(2), 64–71 (2016).
[Crossref]

Bao, X.

X. Bao, G. D. Yu, J. S. Dai, and X. R. Zhu, “Li-Fi: light fidelity-a survey,” Wirel. Netw. 21(6), 1879–1889 (2015).
[Crossref]

Barry, J.

J. Kahn and J. Barry, “Wireless infrared communications,” Proc. IEEE 85(2), 265–298 (1994).
[Crossref]

Bensaou, B.

B. Bensaou, D. Tsang, and K. Chan, “Credit-based fair queueing (CBFQ): a simple service-scheduling algorithm for packet-switched networks,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 9(5), 591604 (2002).
[Crossref]

Bouchet, O.

Bykhovsky, D.

D. Bykhovsky and S. Arnon, “Multiple access resource allocation in visible light communication systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 32(8), 1594–1600 (2014).
[Crossref]

Chakareski, J.

A.-B. Reis, J. Chakareski, A. Kassler, and S. Sargento, “Distortion optimized multi-service scheduling for next-generation wireless mesh networks,” in Proc. INFOCOM IEEE Conf. Computer Communications Workshops. (2010), pp. 1–6.

Chan, K.

B. Bensaou, D. Tsang, and K. Chan, “Credit-based fair queueing (CBFQ): a simple service-scheduling algorithm for packet-switched networks,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 9(5), 591604 (2002).
[Crossref]

Chatterjee, M.

S. Sengupta, M. Chatterjee, and S. Ganguly, “Improving quality of VoIP streams over WiMax,” IEEE Trans. Comput. 57(2), 145–156 (2008).
[Crossref]

Chen, C.

C. Chen, N. Serafimovski, and H. Haas, “Fractional frequency reuse in optical wireless cellular networks,” in Proc. IEEE PIMRC.(2013), pp. 3594–3598.

Chen, H.

Y. Qiu, H. Chen, and W. Meng, “Channel modeling for visible light communications—a survey,” Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput 16(14), 2016–2034 (2016).
[Crossref]

Chen, Y.

H. Liu, P. Xia, and Y. Chen, “Interference graph-based dynamic frequency reuse in optical attocell networks,” Opt. Commun. 402, 527–534 (2017).
[Crossref]

Dai, J. S.

X. Bao, G. D. Yu, J. S. Dai, and X. R. Zhu, “Li-Fi: light fidelity-a survey,” Wirel. Netw. 21(6), 1879–1889 (2015).
[Crossref]

El Tabach, M.

Elgala, H.

M. Ayyash, H. Elgala, and A. Khreishah, “Coexistence of WiFi and LiFi toward 5G: concepts, opportunities, and challenges,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 54(2), 64–71 (2016).
[Crossref]

Fath, T.

T. Fath and H. Haas, “Performance comparison of MIMO techniques for optical wireless communications in indoor environments,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 61(2), 733–742 (2013).
[Crossref]

Faulkner, G.

Feng, L.

L. Feng, R. Q. Hu, and J. Wang, “Applying VLC in 5G networks: architectures and key technologies,” IEEE Net. 30(6), 77–83 (2016).
[Crossref]

Ganguly, S.

S. Sengupta, M. Chatterjee, and S. Ganguly, “Improving quality of VoIP streams over WiMax,” IEEE Trans. Comput. 57(2), 145–156 (2008).
[Crossref]

Gao, Q.

K. Zhou, C. Gong, Q. Gao, and Z. Xu, “Inter-cell interference coordination for multi-color visible light communication networks,” in Proc. IEEE Global Conf. Signal Inf. Process.(2016), pp. 6–10.

Gong, C.

Grobe, L.

Grubor, J.

J. Grubor, S. Randel, K. Langer, and J. Walewski, “Broadband information broadcasting using LED-based interior lighting,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(24), 3883–3892 (2008)..
[Crossref]

Gueutier, E.

Haas, H.

T. Fath and H. Haas, “Performance comparison of MIMO techniques for optical wireless communications in indoor environments,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 61(2), 733–742 (2013).
[Crossref]

C. Chen, N. Serafimovski, and H. Haas, “Fractional frequency reuse in optical wireless cellular networks,” in Proc. IEEE PIMRC.(2013), pp. 3594–3598.

Han, S.-K.

Hands, D.-S.

R.-C. Streijl, S. Winkler, and D.-S. Hands, “Mean opinion score (MOS) revisited: methods and applications, limitations and alternatives,” Multimedia Syst. 22(2), 213–227 (2016).
[Crossref]

Hanzo, L.

R. Zhang, J. Wang, Z. Wang, and L. Hanzo, “Visible light communication in heterogeneous networks:paving the way for user-centric design,” IEEE Wireless Commun. 22(2), 8–16 (2015).
[Crossref]

X. Li, R. Zhang, and L. Hanzo, “Cooperative load balancing in hybrid visible light communications and WiFi,” IEEE Trans. Commun 63(4), 1319–1329 (2015).
[Crossref]

Hu, R. Q.

L. Feng, R. Q. Hu, and J. Wang, “Applying VLC in 5G networks: architectures and key technologies,” IEEE Net. 30(6), 77–83 (2016).
[Crossref]

Jang, Y.

N. Le and Y. Jang, “Smart color channel allocation for visible light communication cell ID,” Opt. Switch. Netw. 15, 75–86 (2015).
[Crossref]

Jin, F.

Kahn, J.

J. Kahn and J. Barry, “Wireless infrared communications,” Proc. IEEE 85(2), 265–298 (1994).
[Crossref]

Kassler, A.

Kelly, F.

F. Kelly, “Charging and rate control for elastic traffic,” Eur. Trans. Telecommun. 8(1), 33–37 (1997).
[Crossref]

Khalil, I.

S. Shao, A. Khreishah, and I. Khalil, “Joint link scheduling and brightness control for greening VLC-based indoor access networks,” J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 8(3), 148–161 (2016).
[Crossref]

Khreishah, A.

S. Shao, A. Khreishah, and I. Khalil, “Joint link scheduling and brightness control for greening VLC-based indoor access networks,” J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 8(3), 148–161 (2016).
[Crossref]

M. Ayyash, H. Elgala, and A. Khreishah, “Coexistence of WiFi and LiFi toward 5G: concepts, opportunities, and challenges,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 54(2), 64–71 (2016).
[Crossref]

Kim, D.-R.

Kim, H.-S.

Komine, T.

T. Komine and M. Nakagawa, “Fundamental analysis for visible- light communication system using LED lights,” IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 50(1), 100–107 (2004).
[Crossref]

Langer, K.

J. Grubor, S. Randel, K. Langer, and J. Walewski, “Broadband information broadcasting using LED-based interior lighting,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(24), 3883–3892 (2008)..
[Crossref]

Le, N.

N. Le and Y. Jang, “Smart color channel allocation for visible light communication cell ID,” Opt. Switch. Netw. 15, 75–86 (2015).
[Crossref]

Le-Minh, H.

T.-V. Pham, H. Le-Minh, and A.-T. Pham, “Multi-User visible light communication broadcast channels with zero-forcing precoding,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 65(6), 2509–2521 (2017).
[Crossref]

Li, J.

Li, X.

X. Li, R. Zhang, and L. Hanzo, “Cooperative load balancing in hybrid visible light communications and WiFi,” IEEE Trans. Commun 63(4), 1319–1329 (2015).
[Crossref]

Liang, X.

Y. Tao, X. Liang, J. Wang, and C. Zhao, “Scheduling for indoor visible light communication based on graph theory,” Opt. Express 23(3), 2737–2752 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, H.

H. Liu, P. Xia, and Y. Chen, “Interference graph-based dynamic frequency reuse in optical attocell networks,” Opt. Commun. 402, 527–534 (2017).
[Crossref]

Meng, W.

Y. Qiu, H. Chen, and W. Meng, “Channel modeling for visible light communications—a survey,” Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput 16(14), 2016–2034 (2016).
[Crossref]

Michael, N.

A. Anandkumar, N. Michael, and A.-K. Tang, “Distributed algorithms for learning and cognitive medium access with logarithmic regret,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 29(4), 731-745 (2011).
[Crossref]

Minh, H. Le

Nakagawa, M.

T. Komine and M. Nakagawa, “Fundamental analysis for visible- light communication system using LED lights,” IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 50(1), 100–107 (2004).
[Crossref]

OBrien, D.

Pham, A.-T.

T.-V. Pham, H. Le-Minh, and A.-T. Pham, “Multi-User visible light communication broadcast channels with zero-forcing precoding,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 65(6), 2509–2521 (2017).
[Crossref]

Pham, T.-V.

T.-V. Pham, H. Le-Minh, and A.-T. Pham, “Multi-User visible light communication broadcast channels with zero-forcing precoding,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 65(6), 2509–2521 (2017).
[Crossref]

Porcon, P.

Qiu, Y.

Y. Qiu, H. Chen, and W. Meng, “Channel modeling for visible light communications—a survey,” Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput 16(14), 2016–2034 (2016).
[Crossref]

Randel, S.

J. Grubor, S. Randel, K. Langer, and J. Walewski, “Broadband information broadcasting using LED-based interior lighting,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(24), 3883–3892 (2008)..
[Crossref]

Reis, A.-B.

Sargento, S.

Sengupta, S.

S. Sengupta, M. Chatterjee, and S. Ganguly, “Improving quality of VoIP streams over WiMax,” IEEE Trans. Comput. 57(2), 145–156 (2008).
[Crossref]

Serafimovski, N.

C. Chen, N. Serafimovski, and H. Haas, “Fractional frequency reuse in optical wireless cellular networks,” in Proc. IEEE PIMRC.(2013), pp. 3594–3598.

Shao, S.

S. Shao, A. Khreishah, and I. Khalil, “Joint link scheduling and brightness control for greening VLC-based indoor access networks,” J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 8(3), 148–161 (2016).
[Crossref]

Son, Y.-H.

Streijl, R.-C.

R.-C. Streijl, S. Winkler, and D.-S. Hands, “Mean opinion score (MOS) revisited: methods and applications, limitations and alternatives,” Multimedia Syst. 22(2), 213–227 (2016).
[Crossref]

Tang, A.-K.

A. Anandkumar, N. Michael, and A.-K. Tang, “Distributed algorithms for learning and cognitive medium access with logarithmic regret,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 29(4), 731-745 (2011).
[Crossref]

Tao, Y.

Y. Tao, X. Liang, J. Wang, and C. Zhao, “Scheduling for indoor visible light communication based on graph theory,” Opt. Express 23(3), 2737–2752 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tsang, D.

B. Bensaou, D. Tsang, and K. Chan, “Credit-based fair queueing (CBFQ): a simple service-scheduling algorithm for packet-switched networks,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 9(5), 591604 (2002).
[Crossref]

Turnbull, R.

Walewski, J.

J. Grubor, S. Randel, K. Langer, and J. Walewski, “Broadband information broadcasting using LED-based interior lighting,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(24), 3883–3892 (2008)..
[Crossref]

Wang, J.

L. Feng, R. Q. Hu, and J. Wang, “Applying VLC in 5G networks: architectures and key technologies,” IEEE Net. 30(6), 77–83 (2016).
[Crossref]

R. Zhang, J. Wang, Z. Wang, and L. Hanzo, “Visible light communication in heterogeneous networks:paving the way for user-centric design,” IEEE Wireless Commun. 22(2), 8–16 (2015).
[Crossref]

Y. Tao, X. Liang, J. Wang, and C. Zhao, “Scheduling for indoor visible light communication based on graph theory,” Opt. Express 23(3), 2737–2752 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wang, J.-H.

Wang, Z.

R. Zhang, J. Wang, Z. Wang, and L. Hanzo, “Visible light communication in heterogeneous networks:paving the way for user-centric design,” IEEE Wireless Commun. 22(2), 8–16 (2015).
[Crossref]

Winkler, S.

R.-C. Streijl, S. Winkler, and D.-S. Hands, “Mean opinion score (MOS) revisited: methods and applications, limitations and alternatives,” Multimedia Syst. 22(2), 213–227 (2016).
[Crossref]

Wolf, M.

Xia, P.

H. Liu, P. Xia, and Y. Chen, “Interference graph-based dynamic frequency reuse in optical attocell networks,” Opt. Commun. 402, 527–534 (2017).
[Crossref]

Xu, Z.

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Fig. 1 Multi-color light source synthesis white light and transmission system model.

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Fig. 2 (a) UEs are scattered as a uniform distribution in the room (b) UEs are scattered as a Poisson distributions in the room. ◦ stands for VLC AP, 4 denotes the UE.

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Fig. 3 (a) The complexity of the exhaustive search for finding the optimal scheduling schemes and (b) the complexity of the proposed QoE based greedy algorithm.

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Fig. 4 (a) The average QoE per UE provided by different transmission schemes for various FOV and for 25 UEs, the UEs are obey uniform distribution. (b) Average scheduling number of UEs versus FOV. The total number of UEs is 25 and the UEs are obey uniform distribution. (c) The average QoE per UE provided by different transmission schemes for various FOV and for 25 UEs, the UEs are obey Poisson distribution. (d) Average scheduling number of UEs versus FOV and the UEs are obey Poisson distribution.

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Fig. 5 (a) The average QoE and (b) average scheduling number of UEs versus total number of UEs. The UEs are obey randomly distributed. (c) The average QoE and (d) average scheduling number of UEs versus total number of UEs and the UEs obey Poisson distribution. The FOV is 120°.

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Fig. 6 Indicates the number of users and the impact of different scheduling methods on the Service Fairness Indicators (SFI).

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Tables (3)

Algorithm 1 Proposed QoE based greedy RGB-algorithm

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Table 1 Simulation parameters

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Algorithm 2 Proposed QoE based greedy RGBC-algorithm

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Equations (11)

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h = {\begin{matrix} \frac{(m + 1) A}{2 π D_{p}^{2}} \cos^{m} (ϕ) T_{s} (ψ) g (ψ) \cos (ψ) & 0 \leq ψ \leq Ψ_{F} \\ 0 & ψ > Ψ_{F} \end{matrix}

y = γ P_{t} \cdot h \cdot x + n_{0}

N = δ_{s h o t}^{2} + δ_{t h e r m a l}^{2}

δ_{s h o t}^{2} = 2 q ς P_{r} B_{w} + 2 q I_{b g} I_{1} B_{w}

δ_{t h e r m a l}^{2} = \frac{8 π ℓ T_{k}}{G} η A I_{1} B_{w}^{2} + \frac{16 π^{2} ℓ T_{k} Γ}{g_{m}} η^{2} A^{2} I_{2} B_{w}^{3}

{\begin{cases} x = \sum_{w = 1}^{N_{t}} P_{w, i} \cdot x_{w} \\ y = \sum_{w = 1}^{N_{t}} P_{w, i} \cdot y_{w} \\ 1 = \sum_{w = 1}^{N_{t}} P_{w, i} \\ P_{w, i} > 0, w \in {1, \dots, N_{t}} \end{cases}

\begin{matrix} \sum_{j \in ν_{U}} Q_{j} \\ = \sum_{j \in ν_{U}} [a_{1} \log (a_{2} \sum_{j \in ν_{A}} g_{i, j} \sum_{w} k_{j, w} \cdot r_{i, j}^{w})] \\ = \sum_{j \in ν_{U}} {a_{1} \log [a_{2} \sum_{j \in ν_{A}} g_{i, j} \sum_{w} k_{j, w} (B_{w} \log (1 + \frac{{(γ \cdot P_{i, j}^{w})}^{2}}{N_{i, j}^{w}}))]} \\ = \sum_{j \in ν_{U}} {a_{1} \log [a_{2} \sum_{j \in ν_{A}} g_{i, j} \sum_{w} k_{j, w} (B_{w} \log (1 + \frac{{(γ H_{0} (i, j) P_{w, i})}^{2}}{N_{i, j}^{w}}))]} \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} J = \max_{{g_{i, j}, k_{j, w}}} \sum_{j \in N_{u}} Q_{j} \\ s . t . g_{i, j}, k_{j, w} \in {0, 1} \\ \sum_{j \in N_{u}} \sum_{w \in {1, \dots, N_{t}}} P_{i, j}^{w} = P_{i}^{\max} \end{matrix}

Q_{i} = \sum_{i = 1}^{4} p_{a} (i, w) \cdot a_{1} \cdot \log {a_{2} \cdot B_{w} \cdot \log [1 + \frac{{(γ H_{0} (i, p_{n} (i, w)) P_{w})}^{2}}{N}]}

Q_{i}^{'} = \sum_{w = 1}^{4} \frac{p_{a} (i, w) \cdot a_{1} \cdot a_{2} \cdot B_{w}}{\ln {a_{2} \cdot B_{w} \cdot \log [1 + \frac{γ \cdot {(H_{0} (i, p_{n} (i, w)) \cdot P_{w})}^{2}}{N}]}} \cdot \frac{γ \cdot {H_{0} [i, p_{n} (i, w)]}^{2} \cdot 2 P_{w} \cdot P_{w}^{'}}{N \cdot \ln {1 + \frac{γ \cdot {[H_{0} (i, p_{n} (i, w)) \cdot P_{w}]}^{2}}{N}}}

SFI = \frac{\max Q (i) - \min Q (j)}{Number of scheduled users}, i, j \in {1, \dots, N_{u}}

1:	Input parameters ν_A, ν_U
2:	for each user-scheduling time duration do
3:	Update: $Q_{3 N_{A} \times N_{u}}$ , Q′ = Q
4:	Initial selection:
5:	while Q is nonzero do
6:	for Q do
7:	Select $Q_{i, j}^{k} = m a x {Q}$ , establish $linkï £ ¡ ï £ ¡ A P_{i}^{k} - u_{j}$ ;
8:	Then $Q_{i, t}^{k} = 0$ , ${Q^{'}}_{i, t}^{k} = 0$ , t = 1, …, N_u;
9:	$Q_{z, ν_{U, A P_{i}}}^{k} = 0$ , ${Q^{'}}_{z, ν_{U, A P_{i}}}^{k} = 0$ , t = 1, …, N_AP;
10:	if u_j is in the overlap area of AP_iand AP_lthen
11:	$Q_{l, m}^{k} = 0$ , ${Q^{'}}_{l, m}^{k} = 0$ , m = 1, …, N_u;
12:	end if
13:	end for
14:	$Q_{i, j}^{w} = 0$ , i = 1, …, N_A, w = R, G, B
15:	end while
16:	Second selection:
17:	while Q′ is nonzero do
18:	Select the maximum value in Q′ and establish the connection of the selected AP-UE link. Set the corresponding rows and columns of Q′ to be zero which is similar to the Initial selection step;
19:	end while
20:	end for

Reflectance factor	0.8
Electronic charge q	1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹[C ]
Background current I_bg	5.1 × 10⁻³[A]
Open-loop voltage gain G	10
Fixed capacitance of the PD per unit area η	1.12 × 10⁻⁶
FET channel noise factor Γ	1.5
FET transconductance g_m	3 × 10⁻²
Semi-angle at half power ϕ_1/2	60[°]
Detector physical area of a PD	1.0[cm²]
Transmitted optical power per LED lamp P_t	20[W ]
Modulation bandwidth B	10[MHz ]
Gain of an optical filter Ts (ψ)	1.0
Refractive index of a lens at a PD n	1.5
O/E conversion efficiency γ	0.53[A/W ]

1:	Resource allocation:Similar to Algorithm 1
2:	Power Optimization:
3:	Update: p_a(i, w), p_n(i, w), i = {1,…, N_AP} w = {1, 2, 3, 4}
4:	for each AP AP_i do
5:	Select P_w = [P_R, P_G, P_B, P_C] to maximize Q_i;
6:	end for
7:	Update: $Q_{4 N_{A} \times N_{u}}$
8:	for the bands that are unused in each AP and no interference with neighboring APs do
9:	Select the idle UE with the largest priority from them;
10:	end for

1:	Input parameters ν_A, ν_U
2:	for each user-scheduling time duration do
3:	Update: $Q_{3 N_{A} \times N_{u}}$ , Q′ = Q
4:	Initial selection:
5:	while Q is nonzero do
6:	for Q do
7:	Select $Q_{i, j}^{k} = m a x {Q}$ , establish $linkï £ ¡ ï £ ¡ A P_{i}^{k} - u_{j}$ ;
8:	Then $Q_{i, t}^{k} = 0$ , ${Q^{'}}_{i, t}^{k} = 0$ , t = 1, …, N_u;
9:	$Q_{z, ν_{U, A P_{i}}}^{k} = 0$ , ${Q^{'}}_{z, ν_{U, A P_{i}}}^{k} = 0$ , t = 1, …, N_AP;
10:	if u_j is in the overlap area of AP_iand AP_lthen
11:	$Q_{l, m}^{k} = 0$ , ${Q^{'}}_{l, m}^{k} = 0$ , m = 1, …, N_u;
12:	end if
13:	end for
14:	$Q_{i, j}^{w} = 0$ , i = 1, …, N_A, w = R, G, B
15:	end while
16:	Second selection:
17:	while Q′ is nonzero do
18:	Select the maximum value in Q′ and establish the connection of the selected AP-UE link. Set the corresponding rows and columns of Q′ to be zero which is similar to the Initial selection step;
19:	end while
20:	end for

Reflectance factor	0.8
Electronic charge q	1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹[C ]
Background current I_bg	5.1 × 10⁻³[A]
Open-loop voltage gain G	10
Fixed capacitance of the PD per unit area η	1.12 × 10⁻⁶
FET channel noise factor Γ	1.5
FET transconductance g_m	3 × 10⁻²
Semi-angle at half power ϕ_1/2	60[°]
Detector physical area of a PD	1.0[cm²]
Transmitted optical power per LED lamp P_t	20[W ]
Modulation bandwidth B	10[MHz ]
Gain of an optical filter Ts (ψ)	1.0
Refractive index of a lens at a PD n	1.5
O/E conversion efficiency γ	0.53[A/W ]