Graphene aperture-based metalens for dynamic focusing of terahertz waves

Pei Ding; Yan Li; Li Shao; Ximin Tian; Junqiao Wang; Chunzhen Fan

doi:10.1364/OE.26.028038

Graphene aperture-based metalens for dynamic focusing of terahertz waves

Pei Ding, Yan Li, Li Shao, Ximin Tian, Junqiao Wang, and Chunzhen Fan

Optics Express
Vol. 26,
Issue 21,
pp. 28038-28050
(2018)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.028038

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Pei Ding, Yan Li, Li Shao, Ximin Tian, Junqiao Wang, and Chunzhen Fan, "Graphene aperture-based metalens for dynamic focusing of terahertz waves," Opt. Express 26, 28038-28050 (2018)

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Table of Contents Category
- Nanophotonics, Metamaterials, and Photonic Crystals
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: August 23, 2018
- Revised Manuscript: September 27, 2018
- Manuscript Accepted: September 28, 2018
- Published: October 10, 2018

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Open Access

Abstract

We theoretically study a tunable reflective focusing lens, based on graphene metasurface, which consists of rectangle aperture array. Dynamic control of either the focal intensity or focal length for terahertz circular polarized waves can be achieved by uniformly tuning the graphene Fermi energy. We demonstrate the graphene apertures with the same geometry; however, spatially varying orientations can only control the focal intensity. To change the focal length, the spatially varying aperture lengths are also required. A comparative study between the metalenses, which generate only geometric or both gradient and geometric phase changes, has shown that the apertures’ spatially varying length distribution is the key factor for determining the modulation level, rather than the focal length’s modulation range. This kind of metalens provides tunable, high-efficiency, broadband, and wide-angle off-axis focusing, thereby offering great application potential in lightweight and integrated terahertz devices.

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[Crossref]

2018 (11)

V. C. Su, C. H. Chu, G. Sun, and D. P. Tsai, “Advances in optical metasurfaces: fabrication and applications [Invited],” Opt. Express 26(10), 13148–13182 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. She, S. Y. Zhang, S. Shian, D. R. Clarke, and F. Capasso, “Adaptive metalenses with simultaneous electrical control of focal length, astigmatism, and shift,” Sci. Adv. 4(2), 9957 (2018).

E. Arbabi, A. Arbabi, S. M. Kamali, Y. Horie, M. Faraji-Dana, and A. Faraon, “MEMS-tunable dielectric metasurface lens,” Nat. Commun. 9(1), 812 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Roy, S. Zhang, I. W. Jung, M. Troccoli, F. Capasso, and D. Lopez, “Dynamic metasurface lens based on MEMS technology,” APL Photonics 3(2), 021302 (2018).
[Crossref]

S. Colburn, A. Zhan, and A. Majumdar, “Varifocal zoom imaging with large area focal length adjustable metalenses,” Optica 5(7), 825 (2018).
[Crossref]

T. T. Kim, H. Kim, M. Kenney, H. S. Park, H. D. Kim, B. Min, and S. Zhang, “Amplitude Modulation of Anomalously Refracted Terahertz Waves with Gated-Graphene Metasurfaces,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 6(1), 1700507 (2018).
[Crossref]

W. G. Liu, B. Hu, Z. D. Huang, H. Y. Guan, H. T. Li, X. K. Wang, Y. Zhang, H. X. Yin, X. L. Xiong, J. Liu, and Y. T. Wang, “Graphene-enabled electrically controlled terahertz meta-lens,” Photon. Res. 6(7), 703–708 (2018).
[Crossref]

Z. Zhang, X. Yan, L. J. Liang, D. Q. Wei, M. Wang, Y. R. Wang, and J. Q. Yao, “The novel hybrid metal-graphene metasurfaces for broadband focusing and beam-steering in farfield at the terahertz frequencies,” Carbon 132, 529–538 (2018).
[Crossref]

S. R. Biswas, C. E. Gutierrez, A. Nemilentsau, I. H. Lee, S. H. Oh, P. Avouris, and T. Low, “Tunable Graphene Metasurface Reflectarray for Cloaking, Illusion, and Focusing,” Phys. Rev. Appl. 9(3), 034021 (2018).
[Crossref]

W. Yao, L. L. Tang, J. Wang, C. H. Ji, X. Z. Wei, and Y. D. Jiang, “Spectrally and Spatially Tunable Terahertz Metasurface Lens Based on Graphene Surface Plasmons,” IEEE Photonics J. 10(4), 4800909 (2018).
[Crossref]

Y. Jia, “Focal shift in metasurface based lenses,” Opt. Express 26(7), 8001–8015 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2017 (10)

W. Ma, Z. Huang, X. K. Bai, P. Zhan, and Y. M. Liu, “Dual-Band Light Focusing Using Stacked Graphene Metasurfaces,” ACS Photonics 4(7), 1770–1775 (2017).
[Crossref]

S. Deng, H. Butt, K. Jiang, B. Dlubak, P. R. Kidambi, P. Seneor, S. Xavier, and A. K. Yetisen, “Graphene nanoribbon based plasmonic Fresnel zone plate lenses,” RSC Advances 7(27), 16594–16601 (2017).
[Crossref]

H. H. Zhao, Z. H. Chen, F. Su, G. J. Ren, F. Liu, and J. Q. Yao, “Terahertz wavefront manipulating by double-layer graphene ribbons metasurface,” Opt. Commun. 402, 523–526 (2017).
[Crossref]

L. B. Luo, K. Y. Wang, K. Guo, F. Shen, X. D. Zhang, Z. P. Yin, and Z. Y. Guo, “Tunable manipulation of terahertz wavefront based on graphene metasurfaces,” J. Opt. 19(11), 115104 (2017).
[Crossref]

Z. Liu and B. Bai, “Ultra-thin and high-efficiency graphene metasurface for tunable terahertz wave manipulation,” Opt. Express 25(8), 8584–8592 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Colburn, A. Zhan, and A. Majumdar, “Tunable metasurfaces via subwavelength phase shifters with uniform amplitude,” Sci. Rep. 7(1), 40174 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. D. Huang, B. Hu, W. G. Liu, J. Liu, and Y. T. Wang, “Dynamical tuning of terahertz meta-lens assisted by graphene,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(9), 1848–1854 (2017).
[Crossref]

M. Khorasaninejad and F. Capasso, “Metalenses: Versatile multifunctional photonic components,” Science 358(6367), 8100 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Lalanne and P. Chavel, “Metalenses at visible wavelengths: past, present, perspectives,” Laser Photonics Rev. 11(3), 1600295 (2017).
[Crossref]

P. Genevet, F. Capasso, F. Aieta, M. Khorasaninejad, and R. Devlin, “Recent advances in planar optics: from plasmonic to dielectric metasurfaces,” Optica 4(1), 139 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (10)

S. M. Kamali, E. Arbabi, A. Arbabi, Y. Horie, and A. Faraon, “Highly tunable elastic dielectric metasurface lenses,” Laser Photonics Rev. 10(6), 1002–1008 (2016).
[Crossref]

H. T. Chen, A. J. Taylor, and N. Yu, “A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 79(7), 076401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Zhang, S. T. Mei, K. Huang, and C. W. Qiu, “Advances in Full Control of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 4(6), 818–833 (2016).
[Crossref]

H. S. Ee and R. Agarwal, “Tunable Metasurface and Flat Optical Zoom Lens on a Stretchable Substrate,” Nano Lett. 16(4), 2818–2823 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Wang, E. T. F. Rogers, B. Gholipour, C. M. Wang, G. H. Yuan, J. H. Teng, and N. I. Zheludev, “Optically reconfigurable metasurfaces and photonic devices based on phase change materials,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 60–65 (2016).
[Crossref]

J. W. Zhong, N. An, N. B. Yi, M. X. Zhu, Q. H. Song, and S. M. Xiao, “Broadband and Tunable-Focus Flat Lens with Dielectric Metasurface,” Plasmonics 11(2), 537–541 (2016).
[Crossref]

J. W. He, Z. W. Xie, W. F. Sun, X. K. Wang, Y. D. Ji, S. Wang, Y. Lin, and Y. Zhang, “Terahertz Tunable Metasurface Lens Based on Vanadium Dioxide Phase Transition,” Plasmonics 11(5), 1285–1290 (2016).
[Crossref]

S. S. Xiao, X. L. Zhu, B. H. Li, and N. A. Mortensen, “Graphene-plasmon polaritons: From fundamental properties to potential applications,” Front. Phys. 11(2), 117801 (2016).
[Crossref]

Z. Su, X. Chen, J. Yin, and X. Zhao, “Graphene-based terahertz metasurface with tunable spectrum splitting,” Opt. Lett. 41(16), 3799–3802 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Deng, Q. Guo, C. Li, H. Wang, X. Ling, D. B. Farmer, S. J. Han, J. Kong, and F. Xia, “Coupling-Enhanced Broadband Mid-infrared Light Absorption in Graphene Plasmonic Nanostructures,” ACS Nano 10(12), 11172–11178 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2015 (12)

N. K. Emani, D. Wang, T. F. Chung, L. J. Prokopeva, A. V. Kildishev, V. M. Shalaev, Y. P. Chen, and A. Boltasseva, “Plasmon resonance in multilayer graphene nanoribbons,” Laser Photonics Rev. 9(6), 650–655 (2015).
[Crossref]

G. Wang, X. Liu, H. Lu, and C. Zeng, “Graphene plasmonic lens for manipulating energy flow,” Sci. Rep. 4(1), 4073 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Hu, L. Wen, S. Song, and Q. Chen, “Tunable graphene metasurfaces by discontinuous Pancharatnam-Berry phase shift,” Nanotechnology 26(50), 505203 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Li, K. Yao, F. Xia, S. Shen, J. Tian, and Y. Liu, “Graphene Plasmonic Metasurfaces to Steer Infrared Light,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 12423 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Arbabi, Y. Horie, A. J. Ball, M. Bagheri, and A. Faraon, “Subwavelength-thick lenses with high numerical apertures and large efficiency based on high-contrast transmitarrays,” Nat. Commun. 6(1), 7069 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. L. Tang, C. T. Wang, Z. Y. Zhao, Y. Q. Wang, M. B. Pu, X. Li, P. Gao, and X. G. Luo, “Ultrabroadband superoscillatory lens composed by plasmonic metasurfaces for subdiffraction light focusing,” Laser Photonics Rev. 9(6), 713–719 (2015).
[Crossref]

Y. F. Li, J. Q. Zhang, S. B. Qu, J. F. Wang, L. Zheng, H. Zhou, Z. Xu, and A. X. Zhang, “Wide-band circular polarization-keeping reflection mediated by metasurface,” Chin. Phys. B 24(1), 014202 (2015).
[Crossref]

X. T. Kong, A. A. Khan, P. R. Kidambi, S. Deng, A. K. Yetisen, B. Dlubak, P. Hiralal, Y. Montelongo, J. Bowen, S. Xavier, K. Jiang, G. A. J. Amaratunga, S. Hofmann, T. D. Wilkinson, Q. Dai, and H. Butt, “Graphene-Based Ultrathin Flat Lenses,” ACS Photonics 2(2), 200–207 (2015).
[Crossref]

S. AbdollahRamezani, K. Arik, S. Farajollahi, A. Khavasi, and Z. Kavehvash, “Beam manipulating by gate-tunable graphene-based metasurfaces,” Opt. Lett. 40(22), 5383–5386 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Q. Miao, Q. Wu, X. Li, Q. He, K. Ding, Z. H. An, Y. B. Zhang, and L. Zhou, “Widely Tunable Terahertz Phase Modulation with Gate-Controlled Graphene Metasurfaces,” Phys. Rev. X 5(4), 041027 (2015).
[Crossref]

N. K. Emani, A. V. Kildishev, V. M. Shalaev, and A. Boltasseva, “Graphene: A Dynamic Platform for Electrical Control of Plasmonic Resonance,” Nanophotonics 4(1), 214–223 (2015).
[Crossref]

Y. Chen, X. Li, Y. Sonnefraud, A. I. Fernández-Domínguez, X. Luo, M. Hong, and S. A. Maier, “Engineering the Phase Front of Light With Phase-Change Material Based Planar Lenses,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 8660 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2014 (5)

F. J. García de Abajo, “Graphene plasmonics: challenges and opportunities,” ACS Photonics 1(3), 135–152 (2014).
[Crossref]

S. Deng, A. K. Yetisen, K. Jiang, and H. Butt, “Computational modelling of a graphene Fresnel lens on different substrates,” RSC Advances 4(57), 30050–30058 (2014).
[Crossref]

F. F. Lu, B. A. Liu, and S. Shen, “Infrared Wavefront Control Based on Graphene Metasurfaces,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 2(8), 794–799 (2014).
[Crossref]

Y. Yao, R. Shankar, M. A. Kats, Y. Song, J. Kong, M. Loncar, and F. Capasso, “Electrically Tunable Metasurface Perfect Absorbers for Ultrathin Mid-Infrared Optical Modulators,” Nano Lett. 14(11), 6526–6532 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Nasari and M. S. Abrishamian, “Electrically tunable graded index planar lens based on graphene,” J. Appl. Phys. 116(8), 83106 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (3)

A. Andryieuski and A. V. Lavrinenko, “Graphene metamaterials based tunable terahertz absorber: effective surface conductivity approach,” Opt. Express 21(7), 9144–9155 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Fang, S. Thongrattanasiri, A. Schlather, Z. Liu, L. Ma, Y. Wang, P. M. Ajayan, P. Nordlander, N. J. Halas, and F. J. García de Abajo, “Gated Tunability and Hybridization of Localized Plasmons in Nanostructured Graphene,” ACS Nano 7(3), 2388–2395 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. J. Ni, S. Ishii, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Ultra-thin, planar, Babinet-inverted plasmonic metalenses,” Light Sci. Appl. 2(4), e72 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (3)

B. Hu, Q. J. Wang, and Y. Zhang, “Systematic study of the focal shift effect in planar plasmonic slit lenses,” Nanotechnology 23(44), 444002 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. K. Emani, T.-F. Chung, X. Ni, A. V. Kildishev, Y. P. Chen, and A. Boltasseva, “Electrically tunable damping of plasmonic resonances with graphene,” Nano Lett. 12(10), 5202–5206 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Chen, L. Huang, H. Mühlenbernd, G. Li, B. Bai, Q. Tan, G. Jin, C. W. Qiu, S. Zhang, and T. Zentgraf, “Dual-polarity plasmonic metalens for visible light,” Nat. Commun. 3(1), 1198 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (3)

C. F. Chen, C. H. Park, B. W. Boudouris, J. Horng, B. Geng, C. Girit, A. Zettl, M. F. Crommie, R. A. Segalman, S. G. Louie, and F. Wang, “Controlling inelastic light scattering quantum pathways in graphene,” Nature 471(7340), 617–620 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Ju, B. Geng, J. Horng, C. Girit, M. Martin, Z. Hao, H. A. Bechtel, X. Liang, A. Zettl, Y. R. Shen, and F. Wang, “Graphene plasmonics for tunable terahertz metamaterials,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 6(10), 630–634 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Yu, P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, F. Aieta, J. P. Tetienne, F. Capasso, and Z. Gaburro, “Light Propagation with Phase Discontinuities: Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction,” Science 334(6054), 333–337 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (1)

D. K. Efetov and P. Kim, “Controlling Electron-Phonon Interactions in Graphene at Ultrahigh Carrier Densities,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(25), 256805 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (1)

A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 109–162 (2009).
[Crossref]

AbdollahRamezani, S.

Abrishamian, M. S.

H. Nasari and M. S. Abrishamian, “Electrically tunable graded index planar lens based on graphene,” J. Appl. Phys. 116(8), 83106 (2014).
[Crossref]

Agarwal, R.

H. S. Ee and R. Agarwal, “Tunable Metasurface and Flat Optical Zoom Lens on a Stretchable Substrate,” Nano Lett. 16(4), 2818–2823 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Aieta, F.

P. Genevet, F. Capasso, F. Aieta, M. Khorasaninejad, and R. Devlin, “Recent advances in planar optics: from plasmonic to dielectric metasurfaces,” Optica 4(1), 139 (2017).
[Crossref]

Ajayan, P. M.

Amaratunga, G. A. J.

An, N.

J. W. Zhong, N. An, N. B. Yi, M. X. Zhu, Q. H. Song, and S. M. Xiao, “Broadband and Tunable-Focus Flat Lens with Dielectric Metasurface,” Plasmonics 11(2), 537–541 (2016).
[Crossref]

An, Z. H.

Andryieuski, A.

Arbabi, A.

E. Arbabi, A. Arbabi, S. M. Kamali, Y. Horie, M. Faraji-Dana, and A. Faraon, “MEMS-tunable dielectric metasurface lens,” Nat. Commun. 9(1), 812 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. M. Kamali, E. Arbabi, A. Arbabi, Y. Horie, and A. Faraon, “Highly tunable elastic dielectric metasurface lenses,” Laser Photonics Rev. 10(6), 1002–1008 (2016).
[Crossref]

Arbabi, E.

E. Arbabi, A. Arbabi, S. M. Kamali, Y. Horie, M. Faraji-Dana, and A. Faraon, “MEMS-tunable dielectric metasurface lens,” Nat. Commun. 9(1), 812 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. M. Kamali, E. Arbabi, A. Arbabi, Y. Horie, and A. Faraon, “Highly tunable elastic dielectric metasurface lenses,” Laser Photonics Rev. 10(6), 1002–1008 (2016).
[Crossref]

Arik, K.

Avouris, P.

Bagheri, M.

Bai, B.

Z. Liu and B. Bai, “Ultra-thin and high-efficiency graphene metasurface for tunable terahertz wave manipulation,” Opt. Express 25(8), 8584–8592 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bai, X. K.

W. Ma, Z. Huang, X. K. Bai, P. Zhan, and Y. M. Liu, “Dual-Band Light Focusing Using Stacked Graphene Metasurfaces,” ACS Photonics 4(7), 1770–1775 (2017).
[Crossref]

Ball, A. J.

Bechtel, H. A.

Biswas, S. R.

Boltasseva, A.

N. K. Emani, A. V. Kildishev, V. M. Shalaev, and A. Boltasseva, “Graphene: A Dynamic Platform for Electrical Control of Plasmonic Resonance,” Nanophotonics 4(1), 214–223 (2015).
[Crossref]

Boudouris, B. W.

Bowen, J.

Butt, H.

S. Deng, A. K. Yetisen, K. Jiang, and H. Butt, “Computational modelling of a graphene Fresnel lens on different substrates,” RSC Advances 4(57), 30050–30058 (2014).
[Crossref]

Capasso, F.

T. Roy, S. Zhang, I. W. Jung, M. Troccoli, F. Capasso, and D. Lopez, “Dynamic metasurface lens based on MEMS technology,” APL Photonics 3(2), 021302 (2018).
[Crossref]

A. She, S. Y. Zhang, S. Shian, D. R. Clarke, and F. Capasso, “Adaptive metalenses with simultaneous electrical control of focal length, astigmatism, and shift,” Sci. Adv. 4(2), 9957 (2018).

M. Khorasaninejad and F. Capasso, “Metalenses: Versatile multifunctional photonic components,” Science 358(6367), 8100 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Genevet, F. Capasso, F. Aieta, M. Khorasaninejad, and R. Devlin, “Recent advances in planar optics: from plasmonic to dielectric metasurfaces,” Optica 4(1), 139 (2017).
[Crossref]

Castro Neto, A. H.

A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 109–162 (2009).
[Crossref]

Chavel, P.

P. Lalanne and P. Chavel, “Metalenses at visible wavelengths: past, present, perspectives,” Laser Photonics Rev. 11(3), 1600295 (2017).
[Crossref]

Chen, C. F.

Chen, H. T.

H. T. Chen, A. J. Taylor, and N. Yu, “A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 79(7), 076401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, Q.

X. Hu, L. Wen, S. Song, and Q. Chen, “Tunable graphene metasurfaces by discontinuous Pancharatnam-Berry phase shift,” Nanotechnology 26(50), 505203 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, X.

Z. Su, X. Chen, J. Yin, and X. Zhao, “Graphene-based terahertz metasurface with tunable spectrum splitting,” Opt. Lett. 41(16), 3799–3802 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, Y.

Chen, Y. P.

Chen, Z. H.

H. H. Zhao, Z. H. Chen, F. Su, G. J. Ren, F. Liu, and J. Q. Yao, “Terahertz wavefront manipulating by double-layer graphene ribbons metasurface,” Opt. Commun. 402, 523–526 (2017).
[Crossref]

Chu, C. H.

V. C. Su, C. H. Chu, G. Sun, and D. P. Tsai, “Advances in optical metasurfaces: fabrication and applications [Invited],” Opt. Express 26(10), 13148–13182 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chung, T. F.

Chung, T.-F.

Clarke, D. R.

A. She, S. Y. Zhang, S. Shian, D. R. Clarke, and F. Capasso, “Adaptive metalenses with simultaneous electrical control of focal length, astigmatism, and shift,” Sci. Adv. 4(2), 9957 (2018).

Colburn, S.

S. Colburn, A. Zhan, and A. Majumdar, “Varifocal zoom imaging with large area focal length adjustable metalenses,” Optica 5(7), 825 (2018).
[Crossref]

S. Colburn, A. Zhan, and A. Majumdar, “Tunable metasurfaces via subwavelength phase shifters with uniform amplitude,” Sci. Rep. 7(1), 40174 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Crommie, M. F.

Dai, Q.

Deng, B.

Deng, S.

S. Deng, A. K. Yetisen, K. Jiang, and H. Butt, “Computational modelling of a graphene Fresnel lens on different substrates,” RSC Advances 4(57), 30050–30058 (2014).
[Crossref]

Devlin, R.

P. Genevet, F. Capasso, F. Aieta, M. Khorasaninejad, and R. Devlin, “Recent advances in planar optics: from plasmonic to dielectric metasurfaces,” Optica 4(1), 139 (2017).
[Crossref]

Ding, K.

Dlubak, B.

Ee, H. S.

H. S. Ee and R. Agarwal, “Tunable Metasurface and Flat Optical Zoom Lens on a Stretchable Substrate,” Nano Lett. 16(4), 2818–2823 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Efetov, D. K.

D. K. Efetov and P. Kim, “Controlling Electron-Phonon Interactions in Graphene at Ultrahigh Carrier Densities,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(25), 256805 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Emani, N. K.

N. K. Emani, A. V. Kildishev, V. M. Shalaev, and A. Boltasseva, “Graphene: A Dynamic Platform for Electrical Control of Plasmonic Resonance,” Nanophotonics 4(1), 214–223 (2015).
[Crossref]

Fang, Z.

Faraji-Dana, M.

E. Arbabi, A. Arbabi, S. M. Kamali, Y. Horie, M. Faraji-Dana, and A. Faraon, “MEMS-tunable dielectric metasurface lens,” Nat. Commun. 9(1), 812 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Farajollahi, S.

Faraon, A.

E. Arbabi, A. Arbabi, S. M. Kamali, Y. Horie, M. Faraji-Dana, and A. Faraon, “MEMS-tunable dielectric metasurface lens,” Nat. Commun. 9(1), 812 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. M. Kamali, E. Arbabi, A. Arbabi, Y. Horie, and A. Faraon, “Highly tunable elastic dielectric metasurface lenses,” Laser Photonics Rev. 10(6), 1002–1008 (2016).
[Crossref]

Farmer, D. B.

Fernández-Domínguez, A. I.

Gaburro, Z.

Gao, P.

García de Abajo, F. J.

F. J. García de Abajo, “Graphene plasmonics: challenges and opportunities,” ACS Photonics 1(3), 135–152 (2014).
[Crossref]

Geim, A. K.

A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 109–162 (2009).
[Crossref]

Genevet, P.

P. Genevet, F. Capasso, F. Aieta, M. Khorasaninejad, and R. Devlin, “Recent advances in planar optics: from plasmonic to dielectric metasurfaces,” Optica 4(1), 139 (2017).
[Crossref]

Geng, B.

Gholipour, B.

Girit, C.

Guan, H. Y.

Guinea, F.

A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 109–162 (2009).
[Crossref]

Guo, K.

Guo, Q.

Guo, Z. Y.

Gutierrez, C. E.

Halas, N. J.

Han, S. J.

Hao, Z.

He, J. W.

He, Q.

Hiralal, P.

Hofmann, S.

Hong, M.

Horie, Y.

E. Arbabi, A. Arbabi, S. M. Kamali, Y. Horie, M. Faraji-Dana, and A. Faraon, “MEMS-tunable dielectric metasurface lens,” Nat. Commun. 9(1), 812 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. M. Kamali, E. Arbabi, A. Arbabi, Y. Horie, and A. Faraon, “Highly tunable elastic dielectric metasurface lenses,” Laser Photonics Rev. 10(6), 1002–1008 (2016).
[Crossref]

Horng, J.

Hu, B.

Z. D. Huang, B. Hu, W. G. Liu, J. Liu, and Y. T. Wang, “Dynamical tuning of terahertz meta-lens assisted by graphene,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(9), 1848–1854 (2017).
[Crossref]

B. Hu, Q. J. Wang, and Y. Zhang, “Systematic study of the focal shift effect in planar plasmonic slit lenses,” Nanotechnology 23(44), 444002 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hu, X.

X. Hu, L. Wen, S. Song, and Q. Chen, “Tunable graphene metasurfaces by discontinuous Pancharatnam-Berry phase shift,” Nanotechnology 26(50), 505203 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Huang, K.

L. Zhang, S. T. Mei, K. Huang, and C. W. Qiu, “Advances in Full Control of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 4(6), 818–833 (2016).
[Crossref]

Huang, L.

Huang, Z.

W. Ma, Z. Huang, X. K. Bai, P. Zhan, and Y. M. Liu, “Dual-Band Light Focusing Using Stacked Graphene Metasurfaces,” ACS Photonics 4(7), 1770–1775 (2017).
[Crossref]

Huang, Z. D.

Z. D. Huang, B. Hu, W. G. Liu, J. Liu, and Y. T. Wang, “Dynamical tuning of terahertz meta-lens assisted by graphene,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(9), 1848–1854 (2017).
[Crossref]

Ishii, S.

X. J. Ni, S. Ishii, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Ultra-thin, planar, Babinet-inverted plasmonic metalenses,” Light Sci. Appl. 2(4), e72 (2013).
[Crossref]

Ji, C. H.

Ji, Y. D.

Jia, Y.

Y. Jia, “Focal shift in metasurface based lenses,” Opt. Express 26(7), 8001–8015 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jiang, K.

S. Deng, A. K. Yetisen, K. Jiang, and H. Butt, “Computational modelling of a graphene Fresnel lens on different substrates,” RSC Advances 4(57), 30050–30058 (2014).
[Crossref]

Jiang, Y. D.

Jin, G.

Ju, L.

Jung, I. W.

T. Roy, S. Zhang, I. W. Jung, M. Troccoli, F. Capasso, and D. Lopez, “Dynamic metasurface lens based on MEMS technology,” APL Photonics 3(2), 021302 (2018).
[Crossref]

Kamali, S. M.

E. Arbabi, A. Arbabi, S. M. Kamali, Y. Horie, M. Faraji-Dana, and A. Faraon, “MEMS-tunable dielectric metasurface lens,” Nat. Commun. 9(1), 812 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. M. Kamali, E. Arbabi, A. Arbabi, Y. Horie, and A. Faraon, “Highly tunable elastic dielectric metasurface lenses,” Laser Photonics Rev. 10(6), 1002–1008 (2016).
[Crossref]

Kats, M. A.

Kavehvash, Z.

Kenney, M.

Khan, A. A.

Khavasi, A.

Khorasaninejad, M.

P. Genevet, F. Capasso, F. Aieta, M. Khorasaninejad, and R. Devlin, “Recent advances in planar optics: from plasmonic to dielectric metasurfaces,” Optica 4(1), 139 (2017).
[Crossref]

M. Khorasaninejad and F. Capasso, “Metalenses: Versatile multifunctional photonic components,” Science 358(6367), 8100 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kidambi, P. R.

Kildishev, A. V.

N. K. Emani, A. V. Kildishev, V. M. Shalaev, and A. Boltasseva, “Graphene: A Dynamic Platform for Electrical Control of Plasmonic Resonance,” Nanophotonics 4(1), 214–223 (2015).
[Crossref]

X. J. Ni, S. Ishii, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Ultra-thin, planar, Babinet-inverted plasmonic metalenses,” Light Sci. Appl. 2(4), e72 (2013).
[Crossref]

Kim, H.

Kim, H. D.

Kim, P.

D. K. Efetov and P. Kim, “Controlling Electron-Phonon Interactions in Graphene at Ultrahigh Carrier Densities,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(25), 256805 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kim, T. T.

Kong, J.

Kong, X. T.

Lalanne, P.

P. Lalanne and P. Chavel, “Metalenses at visible wavelengths: past, present, perspectives,” Laser Photonics Rev. 11(3), 1600295 (2017).
[Crossref]

Lavrinenko, A. V.

Lee, I. H.

Li, B. H.

S. S. Xiao, X. L. Zhu, B. H. Li, and N. A. Mortensen, “Graphene-plasmon polaritons: From fundamental properties to potential applications,” Front. Phys. 11(2), 117801 (2016).
[Crossref]

Li, C.

Li, G.

Li, H. T.

Li, X.

Li, Y. F.

Li, Z.

Z. Li, K. Yao, F. Xia, S. Shen, J. Tian, and Y. Liu, “Graphene Plasmonic Metasurfaces to Steer Infrared Light,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 12423 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liang, L. J.

Liang, X.

Lin, Y.

Ling, X.

Liu, B. A.

F. F. Lu, B. A. Liu, and S. Shen, “Infrared Wavefront Control Based on Graphene Metasurfaces,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 2(8), 794–799 (2014).
[Crossref]

Liu, F.

H. H. Zhao, Z. H. Chen, F. Su, G. J. Ren, F. Liu, and J. Q. Yao, “Terahertz wavefront manipulating by double-layer graphene ribbons metasurface,” Opt. Commun. 402, 523–526 (2017).
[Crossref]

Liu, J.

Z. D. Huang, B. Hu, W. G. Liu, J. Liu, and Y. T. Wang, “Dynamical tuning of terahertz meta-lens assisted by graphene,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(9), 1848–1854 (2017).
[Crossref]

Liu, W. G.

Z. D. Huang, B. Hu, W. G. Liu, J. Liu, and Y. T. Wang, “Dynamical tuning of terahertz meta-lens assisted by graphene,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(9), 1848–1854 (2017).
[Crossref]

Liu, X.

G. Wang, X. Liu, H. Lu, and C. Zeng, “Graphene plasmonic lens for manipulating energy flow,” Sci. Rep. 4(1), 4073 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, Y.

Z. Li, K. Yao, F. Xia, S. Shen, J. Tian, and Y. Liu, “Graphene Plasmonic Metasurfaces to Steer Infrared Light,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 12423 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, Y. M.

W. Ma, Z. Huang, X. K. Bai, P. Zhan, and Y. M. Liu, “Dual-Band Light Focusing Using Stacked Graphene Metasurfaces,” ACS Photonics 4(7), 1770–1775 (2017).
[Crossref]

Liu, Z.

Z. Liu and B. Bai, “Ultra-thin and high-efficiency graphene metasurface for tunable terahertz wave manipulation,” Opt. Express 25(8), 8584–8592 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Loncar, M.

Lopez, D.

T. Roy, S. Zhang, I. W. Jung, M. Troccoli, F. Capasso, and D. Lopez, “Dynamic metasurface lens based on MEMS technology,” APL Photonics 3(2), 021302 (2018).
[Crossref]

Louie, S. G.

Low, T.

Lu, F. F.

F. F. Lu, B. A. Liu, and S. Shen, “Infrared Wavefront Control Based on Graphene Metasurfaces,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 2(8), 794–799 (2014).
[Crossref]

Lu, H.

G. Wang, X. Liu, H. Lu, and C. Zeng, “Graphene plasmonic lens for manipulating energy flow,” Sci. Rep. 4(1), 4073 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Luo, L. B.

Luo, X.

Luo, X. G.

Ma, L.

Ma, W.

W. Ma, Z. Huang, X. K. Bai, P. Zhan, and Y. M. Liu, “Dual-Band Light Focusing Using Stacked Graphene Metasurfaces,” ACS Photonics 4(7), 1770–1775 (2017).
[Crossref]

Maier, S. A.

Majumdar, A.

S. Colburn, A. Zhan, and A. Majumdar, “Varifocal zoom imaging with large area focal length adjustable metalenses,” Optica 5(7), 825 (2018).
[Crossref]

S. Colburn, A. Zhan, and A. Majumdar, “Tunable metasurfaces via subwavelength phase shifters with uniform amplitude,” Sci. Rep. 7(1), 40174 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Martin, M.

Mei, S. T.

L. Zhang, S. T. Mei, K. Huang, and C. W. Qiu, “Advances in Full Control of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 4(6), 818–833 (2016).
[Crossref]

Miao, Z. Q.

Min, B.

Montelongo, Y.

Mortensen, N. A.

S. S. Xiao, X. L. Zhu, B. H. Li, and N. A. Mortensen, “Graphene-plasmon polaritons: From fundamental properties to potential applications,” Front. Phys. 11(2), 117801 (2016).
[Crossref]

Mühlenbernd, H.

Nasari, H.

H. Nasari and M. S. Abrishamian, “Electrically tunable graded index planar lens based on graphene,” J. Appl. Phys. 116(8), 83106 (2014).
[Crossref]

Nemilentsau, A.

Ni, X.

Ni, X. J.

X. J. Ni, S. Ishii, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Ultra-thin, planar, Babinet-inverted plasmonic metalenses,” Light Sci. Appl. 2(4), e72 (2013).
[Crossref]

Nordlander, P.

Novoselov, K. S.

A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 109–162 (2009).
[Crossref]

Oh, S. H.

Park, C. H.

Park, H. S.

Peres, N. M. R.

A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 109–162 (2009).
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Pu, M. B.

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L. Zhang, S. T. Mei, K. Huang, and C. W. Qiu, “Advances in Full Control of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 4(6), 818–833 (2016).
[Crossref]

Qu, S. B.

Ren, G. J.

H. H. Zhao, Z. H. Chen, F. Su, G. J. Ren, F. Liu, and J. Q. Yao, “Terahertz wavefront manipulating by double-layer graphene ribbons metasurface,” Opt. Commun. 402, 523–526 (2017).
[Crossref]

Rogers, E. T. F.

Roy, T.

T. Roy, S. Zhang, I. W. Jung, M. Troccoli, F. Capasso, and D. Lopez, “Dynamic metasurface lens based on MEMS technology,” APL Photonics 3(2), 021302 (2018).
[Crossref]

Schlather, A.

Segalman, R. A.

Seneor, P.

Shalaev, V. M.

N. K. Emani, A. V. Kildishev, V. M. Shalaev, and A. Boltasseva, “Graphene: A Dynamic Platform for Electrical Control of Plasmonic Resonance,” Nanophotonics 4(1), 214–223 (2015).
[Crossref]

X. J. Ni, S. Ishii, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Ultra-thin, planar, Babinet-inverted plasmonic metalenses,” Light Sci. Appl. 2(4), e72 (2013).
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Shankar, R.

She, A.

A. She, S. Y. Zhang, S. Shian, D. R. Clarke, and F. Capasso, “Adaptive metalenses with simultaneous electrical control of focal length, astigmatism, and shift,” Sci. Adv. 4(2), 9957 (2018).

Shen, F.

Shen, S.

Z. Li, K. Yao, F. Xia, S. Shen, J. Tian, and Y. Liu, “Graphene Plasmonic Metasurfaces to Steer Infrared Light,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 12423 (2015).
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[Crossref]

Shen, Y. R.

Shian, S.

A. She, S. Y. Zhang, S. Shian, D. R. Clarke, and F. Capasso, “Adaptive metalenses with simultaneous electrical control of focal length, astigmatism, and shift,” Sci. Adv. 4(2), 9957 (2018).

Song, Q. H.

J. W. Zhong, N. An, N. B. Yi, M. X. Zhu, Q. H. Song, and S. M. Xiao, “Broadband and Tunable-Focus Flat Lens with Dielectric Metasurface,” Plasmonics 11(2), 537–541 (2016).
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X. Hu, L. Wen, S. Song, and Q. Chen, “Tunable graphene metasurfaces by discontinuous Pancharatnam-Berry phase shift,” Nanotechnology 26(50), 505203 (2015).
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Sonnefraud, Y.

Su, F.

H. H. Zhao, Z. H. Chen, F. Su, G. J. Ren, F. Liu, and J. Q. Yao, “Terahertz wavefront manipulating by double-layer graphene ribbons metasurface,” Opt. Commun. 402, 523–526 (2017).
[Crossref]

Sun, W. F.

Tan, Q.

Tang, D. L.

Tang, L. L.

Taylor, A. J.

H. T. Chen, A. J. Taylor, and N. Yu, “A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 79(7), 076401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Tetienne, J. P.

Thongrattanasiri, S.

Tian, J.

Z. Li, K. Yao, F. Xia, S. Shen, J. Tian, and Y. Liu, “Graphene Plasmonic Metasurfaces to Steer Infrared Light,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 12423 (2015).
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T. Roy, S. Zhang, I. W. Jung, M. Troccoli, F. Capasso, and D. Lopez, “Dynamic metasurface lens based on MEMS technology,” APL Photonics 3(2), 021302 (2018).
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Tsai, D. P.

V. C. Su, C. H. Chu, G. Sun, and D. P. Tsai, “Advances in optical metasurfaces: fabrication and applications [Invited],” Opt. Express 26(10), 13148–13182 (2018).
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Wang, C. T.

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G. Wang, X. Liu, H. Lu, and C. Zeng, “Graphene plasmonic lens for manipulating energy flow,” Sci. Rep. 4(1), 4073 (2015).
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Wei, X. Z.

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X. Hu, L. Wen, S. Song, and Q. Chen, “Tunable graphene metasurfaces by discontinuous Pancharatnam-Berry phase shift,” Nanotechnology 26(50), 505203 (2015).
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Wu, Q.

Xavier, S.

Xia, F.

Z. Li, K. Yao, F. Xia, S. Shen, J. Tian, and Y. Liu, “Graphene Plasmonic Metasurfaces to Steer Infrared Light,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 12423 (2015).
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J. W. Zhong, N. An, N. B. Yi, M. X. Zhu, Q. H. Song, and S. M. Xiao, “Broadband and Tunable-Focus Flat Lens with Dielectric Metasurface,” Plasmonics 11(2), 537–541 (2016).
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S. S. Xiao, X. L. Zhu, B. H. Li, and N. A. Mortensen, “Graphene-plasmon polaritons: From fundamental properties to potential applications,” Front. Phys. 11(2), 117801 (2016).
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Xiong, X. L.

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H. H. Zhao, Z. H. Chen, F. Su, G. J. Ren, F. Liu, and J. Q. Yao, “Terahertz wavefront manipulating by double-layer graphene ribbons metasurface,” Opt. Commun. 402, 523–526 (2017).
[Crossref]

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Z. Li, K. Yao, F. Xia, S. Shen, J. Tian, and Y. Liu, “Graphene Plasmonic Metasurfaces to Steer Infrared Light,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 12423 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yao, W.

Yao, Y.

Yetisen, A. K.

S. Deng, A. K. Yetisen, K. Jiang, and H. Butt, “Computational modelling of a graphene Fresnel lens on different substrates,” RSC Advances 4(57), 30050–30058 (2014).
[Crossref]

Yi, N. B.

J. W. Zhong, N. An, N. B. Yi, M. X. Zhu, Q. H. Song, and S. M. Xiao, “Broadband and Tunable-Focus Flat Lens with Dielectric Metasurface,” Plasmonics 11(2), 537–541 (2016).
[Crossref]

Yin, H. X.

Yin, J.

Z. Su, X. Chen, J. Yin, and X. Zhao, “Graphene-based terahertz metasurface with tunable spectrum splitting,” Opt. Lett. 41(16), 3799–3802 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yin, Z. P.

Yu, N.

H. T. Chen, A. J. Taylor, and N. Yu, “A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 79(7), 076401 (2016).
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Yuan, G. H.

Zeng, C.

G. Wang, X. Liu, H. Lu, and C. Zeng, “Graphene plasmonic lens for manipulating energy flow,” Sci. Rep. 4(1), 4073 (2015).
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Zentgraf, T.

Zettl, A.

Zhan, A.

S. Colburn, A. Zhan, and A. Majumdar, “Varifocal zoom imaging with large area focal length adjustable metalenses,” Optica 5(7), 825 (2018).
[Crossref]

S. Colburn, A. Zhan, and A. Majumdar, “Tunable metasurfaces via subwavelength phase shifters with uniform amplitude,” Sci. Rep. 7(1), 40174 (2017).
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Zhang, J. Q.

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L. Zhang, S. T. Mei, K. Huang, and C. W. Qiu, “Advances in Full Control of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 4(6), 818–833 (2016).
[Crossref]

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T. Roy, S. Zhang, I. W. Jung, M. Troccoli, F. Capasso, and D. Lopez, “Dynamic metasurface lens based on MEMS technology,” APL Photonics 3(2), 021302 (2018).
[Crossref]

Zhang, S. Y.

A. She, S. Y. Zhang, S. Shian, D. R. Clarke, and F. Capasso, “Adaptive metalenses with simultaneous electrical control of focal length, astigmatism, and shift,” Sci. Adv. 4(2), 9957 (2018).

Zhang, X. D.

Zhang, Y.

B. Hu, Q. J. Wang, and Y. Zhang, “Systematic study of the focal shift effect in planar plasmonic slit lenses,” Nanotechnology 23(44), 444002 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, Y. B.

Zhang, Z.

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H. H. Zhao, Z. H. Chen, F. Su, G. J. Ren, F. Liu, and J. Q. Yao, “Terahertz wavefront manipulating by double-layer graphene ribbons metasurface,” Opt. Commun. 402, 523–526 (2017).
[Crossref]

Zhao, X.

Z. Su, X. Chen, J. Yin, and X. Zhao, “Graphene-based terahertz metasurface with tunable spectrum splitting,” Opt. Lett. 41(16), 3799–3802 (2016).
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Zhao, Z. Y.

Zheludev, N. I.

Zheng, L.

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J. W. Zhong, N. An, N. B. Yi, M. X. Zhu, Q. H. Song, and S. M. Xiao, “Broadband and Tunable-Focus Flat Lens with Dielectric Metasurface,” Plasmonics 11(2), 537–541 (2016).
[Crossref]

Zhou, H.

Zhou, L.

Zhu, M. X.

J. W. Zhong, N. An, N. B. Yi, M. X. Zhu, Q. H. Song, and S. M. Xiao, “Broadband and Tunable-Focus Flat Lens with Dielectric Metasurface,” Plasmonics 11(2), 537–541 (2016).
[Crossref]

Zhu, X. L.

S. S. Xiao, X. L. Zhu, B. H. Li, and N. A. Mortensen, “Graphene-plasmon polaritons: From fundamental properties to potential applications,” Front. Phys. 11(2), 117801 (2016).
[Crossref]

ACS Nano (2)

ACS Photonics (3)

W. Ma, Z. Huang, X. K. Bai, P. Zhan, and Y. M. Liu, “Dual-Band Light Focusing Using Stacked Graphene Metasurfaces,” ACS Photonics 4(7), 1770–1775 (2017).
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F. J. García de Abajo, “Graphene plasmonics: challenges and opportunities,” ACS Photonics 1(3), 135–152 (2014).
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Adv. Opt. Mater. (3)

F. F. Lu, B. A. Liu, and S. Shen, “Infrared Wavefront Control Based on Graphene Metasurfaces,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 2(8), 794–799 (2014).
[Crossref]

L. Zhang, S. T. Mei, K. Huang, and C. W. Qiu, “Advances in Full Control of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 4(6), 818–833 (2016).
[Crossref]

APL Photonics (1)

T. Roy, S. Zhang, I. W. Jung, M. Troccoli, F. Capasso, and D. Lopez, “Dynamic metasurface lens based on MEMS technology,” APL Photonics 3(2), 021302 (2018).
[Crossref]

Carbon (1)

Chin. Phys. B (1)

Front. Phys. (1)

S. S. Xiao, X. L. Zhu, B. H. Li, and N. A. Mortensen, “Graphene-plasmon polaritons: From fundamental properties to potential applications,” Front. Phys. 11(2), 117801 (2016).
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IEEE Photonics J. (1)

J. Appl. Phys. (1)

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J. Opt. (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

Z. D. Huang, B. Hu, W. G. Liu, J. Liu, and Y. T. Wang, “Dynamical tuning of terahertz meta-lens assisted by graphene,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(9), 1848–1854 (2017).
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Laser Photonics Rev. (4)

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Light Sci. Appl. (1)

X. J. Ni, S. Ishii, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Ultra-thin, planar, Babinet-inverted plasmonic metalenses,” Light Sci. Appl. 2(4), e72 (2013).
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H. S. Ee and R. Agarwal, “Tunable Metasurface and Flat Optical Zoom Lens on a Stretchable Substrate,” Nano Lett. 16(4), 2818–2823 (2016).
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Nanophotonics (1)

N. K. Emani, A. V. Kildishev, V. M. Shalaev, and A. Boltasseva, “Graphene: A Dynamic Platform for Electrical Control of Plasmonic Resonance,” Nanophotonics 4(1), 214–223 (2015).
[Crossref]

Nanotechnology (2)

X. Hu, L. Wen, S. Song, and Q. Chen, “Tunable graphene metasurfaces by discontinuous Pancharatnam-Berry phase shift,” Nanotechnology 26(50), 505203 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Hu, Q. J. Wang, and Y. Zhang, “Systematic study of the focal shift effect in planar plasmonic slit lenses,” Nanotechnology 23(44), 444002 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Commun. (3)

E. Arbabi, A. Arbabi, S. M. Kamali, Y. Horie, M. Faraji-Dana, and A. Faraon, “MEMS-tunable dielectric metasurface lens,” Nat. Commun. 9(1), 812 (2018).
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Nat. Nanotechnol. (1)

Nat. Photonics (1)

Nature (1)

Opt. Commun. (1)

H. H. Zhao, Z. H. Chen, F. Su, G. J. Ren, F. Liu, and J. Q. Yao, “Terahertz wavefront manipulating by double-layer graphene ribbons metasurface,” Opt. Commun. 402, 523–526 (2017).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (4)

V. C. Su, C. H. Chu, G. Sun, and D. P. Tsai, “Advances in optical metasurfaces: fabrication and applications [Invited],” Opt. Express 26(10), 13148–13182 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Opt. Lett. (2)

Z. Su, X. Chen, J. Yin, and X. Zhao, “Graphene-based terahertz metasurface with tunable spectrum splitting,” Opt. Lett. 41(16), 3799–3802 (2016).
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Optica (2)

P. Genevet, F. Capasso, F. Aieta, M. Khorasaninejad, and R. Devlin, “Recent advances in planar optics: from plasmonic to dielectric metasurfaces,” Optica 4(1), 139 (2017).
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S. Colburn, A. Zhan, and A. Majumdar, “Varifocal zoom imaging with large area focal length adjustable metalenses,” Optica 5(7), 825 (2018).
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Photon. Res. (1)

Phys. Rev. Appl. (1)

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

D. K. Efetov and P. Kim, “Controlling Electron-Phonon Interactions in Graphene at Ultrahigh Carrier Densities,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(25), 256805 (2010).
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Phys. Rev. X (1)

Plasmonics (2)

J. W. Zhong, N. An, N. B. Yi, M. X. Zhu, Q. H. Song, and S. M. Xiao, “Broadband and Tunable-Focus Flat Lens with Dielectric Metasurface,” Plasmonics 11(2), 537–541 (2016).
[Crossref]

Rep. Prog. Phys. (1)

H. T. Chen, A. J. Taylor, and N. Yu, “A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 79(7), 076401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rev. Mod. Phys. (1)

A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 109–162 (2009).
[Crossref]

RSC Advances (2)

S. Deng, A. K. Yetisen, K. Jiang, and H. Butt, “Computational modelling of a graphene Fresnel lens on different substrates,” RSC Advances 4(57), 30050–30058 (2014).
[Crossref]

Sci. Adv. (1)

A. She, S. Y. Zhang, S. Shian, D. R. Clarke, and F. Capasso, “Adaptive metalenses with simultaneous electrical control of focal length, astigmatism, and shift,” Sci. Adv. 4(2), 9957 (2018).

Sci. Rep. (4)

S. Colburn, A. Zhan, and A. Majumdar, “Tunable metasurfaces via subwavelength phase shifters with uniform amplitude,” Sci. Rep. 7(1), 40174 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Wang, X. Liu, H. Lu, and C. Zeng, “Graphene plasmonic lens for manipulating energy flow,” Sci. Rep. 4(1), 4073 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Li, K. Yao, F. Xia, S. Shen, J. Tian, and Y. Liu, “Graphene Plasmonic Metasurfaces to Steer Infrared Light,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 12423 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Science (2)

M. Khorasaninejad and F. Capasso, “Metalenses: Versatile multifunctional photonic components,” Science 358(6367), 8100 (2017).
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Fig. 1 Schematic view of the tunable graphene metasurface lens. The inset shows the top view of one unit cell of the metasurface, where the geometry parameters of the aperture are defined. For the proposed metalens, the thickness of SiO₂ spacing layer, the period of the aperture array, and the width of aperture are fixed at 8.5 um, 8 um, and 3 um, respectively.

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Fig. 2 (a) Simulated reflection spectrum of the graphene metasurface on the dielectric/metal substrate. R_LR and R_LL represent the RCP and LCP components of the reflected wave when a LCP wave is normally incident. (b) Amplitude and phase shift of the reflected LCP wave as a function of the rotation angle of the graphene aperture at the incident frequency of f₀ = 5 THz.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3 (a) Phase distributions

p (x)

of the metalens with a focal length of F = 150 um (p₁) and 190 um (p₂), respectively, at the incident frequency of f₀ = 5 THz. The phase difference between the two lenses (

p_{2} - p_{1}

) along the x axis is also illustrated. (b) E-field intensity distribution of the reflection field on the x-z plane for the metalens with a designed focal length F = 150 um at f₀ = 5 THz for E_f = 1.0 eV. The simulated focal length is 140 um. (c) E-field intensity distribution of the reflected wave along the z-axis for different E_f. The simulated focal lengths remain unchanged. (d) The corresponding E-field intensity distributions of the reflected wave on the focal plane (z = 140 um) for different E_f.

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Fig. 4 (a) and (b) Amplitude and phase of the LCP reflected wave as a function of the aperture length b for different E_f at f₀ = 5 THz. Here,

Δ p_{0.6 eV \sim 1.0 eV} (b)

represents the phase change of the aperture with a length of b (

b \in [4, 7]

um) as E_f varies from 0.6 to 1.0 eV. (c) Normalized

Δ p_{0.6 eV \sim 1.0 eV} (b)

as a function of the aperture length b, which is calculated by

Δ p_{0.6 eV \sim 1.0 eV} (b) - Δ p_{0.6 eV \sim 1.0 eV} (b = 7 u m)

and represents the phase change of the aperture with a length of b relative to that with a length of b = 7 um.

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Fig. 5 (a) Length and rotation angle distributions of the apertures along the x-axis for the metalens with a designed focal length of F = 150 um. (b) E-field intensity distribution of the reflected wave along the z-axis for the metalens with uncorrected rotation angles at different E_f. (c) and (d) E-field intensity distribution of the reflection field in x-z plane for the metalens with uncorrected rotation angles as E_f = 1.0 eV and 0.7 eV, respectively. The incident frequency is f₀ = 5 THz.

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Fig. 6 (a) E-field intensity distribution of the reflected wave along the z-axis for the metalens with corrected rotation angles for different E_f. (b) Focal position and focusing efficiency as a function of E_f for the metalens with the uncorrected or corrected rotation angles. The designed focal shift from F = 150 um to 190 um is also provided for comparison. The dotted lines are the results of linear fitting. The incident frequency is f₀ = 5 THz.

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Fig. 7 (a) E-field intensity distribution of the reflected wave along the z-axis for the improved metalens with different E_f at the incident frequency of f₀ = 4.8 THz. (b) Tuning range of the focus for the improved metalens at different incident frequency, when E_f is decreased from 1.0 to 0.6 eV for f₀ = 4.2, 4.4, 4.6 4.8 and 5 THz, and from 1.0 to 0.7 eV for f₀ = 5.2 and 5.4 THz.

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Fig. 8 Focusing effect of the improved graphene metalens with E_f = 1.0 eV at different incident angle of the CP wave. The incident frequency is 5THz. The incident angle is 0°, 20°, 40°, and 60°, respectively.

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Equations (4)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

σ (ω) = \frac{2 e^{2} ω_{T}}{π ℏ} \frac{i}{ω + i τ^{- 1}} \log [2 \cos h (\frac{ω_{f}}{2 ω_{T}})] + \frac{e^{2}}{4 ℏ} [H (\frac{ω}{2}) + i \frac{2 ω}{π} \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{H (\frac{ω'}{2}) - H (\frac{ω}{2})}{ω^{2} - ω'^{2}} d ω'],

p (x) = \frac{2 π}{λ_{0}} (F - \sqrt{F^{2} + x^{2}}),

φ (x) = - p (x) / 2.

φ (x) = - \frac{p_{F = 150 u m} (x)}{2} - \frac{p_{E_{f} = 1.0 e V} (x, b) - p_{E_{f} = 1.0 e V} (x = 0, b = 7 u m)}{2},