Retrieval of aerosol properties and water-leaving reflectance from multi-angular polarimetric measurements over coastal waters

Meng Gao; Peng-Wang Zhai; Bryan Franz; Yongxiang Hu; Kirk Knobelspiesse; P. Jeremy Werdell; Amir Ibrahim; Feng Xu; Brian Cairns

doi:10.1364/OE.26.008968

Retrieval of aerosol properties and water-leaving reflectance from multi-angular polarimetric measurements over coastal waters

Meng Gao, Peng-Wang Zhai, Bryan Franz, Yongxiang Hu, Kirk Knobelspiesse, P. Jeremy Werdell, Amir Ibrahim, Feng Xu, and Brian Cairns

Optics Express
Vol. 26,
Issue 7,
pp. 8968-8989
(2018)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.008968

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Meng Gao, Peng-Wang Zhai, Bryan Franz, Yongxiang Hu, Kirk Knobelspiesse, P. Jeremy Werdell, Amir Ibrahim, Feng Xu, and Brian Cairns, "Retrieval of aerosol properties and water-leaving reflectance from multi-angular polarimetric measurements over coastal waters," Opt. Express 26, 8968-8989 (2018)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Oceanic optics (010.4450)
- Atmospheric correction (010.1285)
- Remote sensing and sensors (010.0280)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: January 8, 2018
- Revised Manuscript: March 20, 2018
- Manuscript Accepted: March 21, 2018
- Published: March 28, 2018

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Open Access

Abstract

Ocean color remote sensing is an important tool to monitor water quality and biogeochemical conditions of ocean. Atmospheric correction, which obtains water-leaving radiance from the total radiance measured by satellite-borne or airborne sensors, remains a challenging task for coastal waters due to the complex optical properties of aerosols and ocean waters. In this paper, we report a research algorithm on aerosol and ocean color retrieval with emphasis on coastal waters, which uses coupled atmosphere and ocean radiative transfer model to fit polarized radiance measurements at multiple viewing angles and multiple wavelengths. Ocean optical properties are characterized by a generalized bio-optical model with direct accounting for the absorption and scattering of phytoplankton, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and non-algal particles (NAP). Our retrieval algorithm can accurately determine the water-leaving radiance and aerosol properties for coastal waters, and may be used to improve the atmospheric correction when apply to a hyperspectral ocean color instrument.

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2018 (1)

P. J. Werdell, L. I. W. McKinna, E. Boss, S. G. Ackleson, S. E. Craig, W. W. Gregg, Z. Lee, S. Maritorena, C. S. Roesler, C. S. Rousseaux, D. Stramski, J. M. Sullivan, M. S. Twardowski, M. Tzortziou, and X. Zhang, “An overview of approaches and challenges for retrieving marine inherent optical properties from ocean color remote sensing,” Prog. Oceanogr. 160, 186–212 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (3)

Y. Fan, W. Li, C. K. Gatebe, C. Jamet, G. Zibordi, T. Schroeder, and K. Stamnes, “Atmospheric correction over coastal waters using multilayer neural networks,” Remote Sens. Environ. 199, 218–240 (2017).
[Crossref]

P.-W. Zhai, Y. Hu, D. M. Winker, B. A. Franz, J. Werdell, and E. Boss, “Vector radiative transfer model for coupled atmosphere and ocean systems including inelastic sources in ocean waters,” Opt. Express 25(8), A223–A239 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P.-W. Zhai, K. Knobelspiesse, A. Ibrahim, B. A. Franz, Y. Hu, M. Gao, and R. Frouin, “Water-leaving contribution to polarized radiation field over ocean,” Opt. Express 25(16), A689 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2016 (3)

C. Shi, T. Nakajima, and M. Hashimoto, “Simultaneous retrieval of aerosol optical thickness and chlorophyll concentration from multiwavelength measurement over East China Sea,” J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 121(23), 14,084–14,101 (2016).

F. Xu, O. Dubovik, P. W. Zhai, D. J. Diner, O. V. Kalashnikova, F. C. Seidel, P. Litvinov, A. Bovchaliuk, M. J. Garay, G. van Harten, and A. B. Davis, “Joint retrieval of aerosol and water-leaving radiance from multispectral, multiangular and polarimetric measurements over ocean,” Atmos. Meas. Tech. 9(7), 2877–2907 (2016).
[Crossref]

A. Ibrahim, A. Gilerson, J. Chowdhary, and S. Ahmed, “Retrieval of macro- and micro-physical properties of oceanic hydrosols from polarimetric observations,” Remote Sens. Environ. 186, 548–566 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (1)

L. Wu, O. Hasekamp, B. van Diedenhoven, and B. Cairns, “Aerosol retrieval from multiangle, multispectral photopolarimetric measurements: importance of spectral range and angular resolution,” Atmos. Meas. Tech. 8(6), 2625–2638 (2015).
[Crossref]

2013 (5)

P.-W. Zhai, Y. Hu, C. A. Hostetler, B. Cairns, R. A. Ferrare, K. D. Knobelspiesse, D. B. Josset, C. R. Trepte, P. L. Lucker, and J. Chowdhary, “Uncertainty and interpretation of aerosol remote sensing due to vertical inhomogeneity,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 114, 91–100 (2013).
[Crossref]

D. J. Diner, F. Xu, M. J. Garay, J. V. Martonchik, B. E. Rheingans, S. Geier, A. Davis, B. R. Hancock, V. M. Jovanovic, M. A. Bull, K. Capraro, R. A. Chipman, and S. C. McClain, “The Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI): a new tool for aerosol and cloud remote sensing,” Atmos. Meas. Tech. 6(8), 2007–2025 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. E. Bauer, W.-J. Cai, P. A. Raymond, T. S. Bianchi, C. S. Hopkinson, and P. A. G. Regnier, “The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean,” Nature 504(7478), 61–70 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. J. Werdell, B. A. Franz, S. W. Bailey, G. C. Feldman, E. Boss, V. E. Brando, M. Dowell, T. Hirata, S. J. Lavender, Z. P. Lee, H. Loisel, S. Maritorena, F. Mélin, T. S. Moore, T. J. Smyth, D. Antoine, E. Devred, O. H. F. d’Andon, and A. Mangin, “Generalized ocean color inversion model for retrieving marine inherent optical properties,” Appl. Opt. 52(10), 2019–2037 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Gao, X. Huang, P. Yang, and G. W. Kattawar, “Angular distribution of diffuse reflectance from incoherent multiple scattering in turbid media,” Appl. Opt. 52(24), 5869–5879 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (3)

X. He, Y. Bai, D. Pan, J. Tang, and D. Wang, “Atmospheric correction of satellite ocean color imagery using the ultraviolet wavelength for highly turbid waters,” Opt. Express 20(18), 20754–20770 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Knobelspiesse, B. Cairns, M. Mishchenko, J. Chowdhary, K. Tsigaridis, B. van Diedenhoven, W. Martin, M. Ottaviani, and M. Alexandrov, “Analysis of fine-mode aerosol retrieval capabilities by different passive remote sensing instrument designs,” Opt. Express 20(19), 21457–21484 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Gao, Y. You, P. Yang, and G. W. Kattawar, “Backscattering properties of small layered plates: a model for iridosomes,” Opt. Express 20(22), 25111–25120 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (1)

O. P. Hasekamp, P. Litvinov, and A. Butz, “Aerosol properties over the ocean from PARASOL multiangle photopolarimetric measurements,” J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 116(D14), D14204 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (4)

P. J. Werdell, B. A. Franz, and S. W. Bailey, “Evaluation of shortwave infrared atmospheric correction for ocean color remote sensing of Chesapeake Bay,” Remote Sens. Environ. 114(10), 2238–2247 (2010).
[Crossref]

P.-W. Zhai, Y. Hu, J. Chowdhary, C. R. Trepte, P. L. Lucker, and D. B. Josset, “A vector radiative transfer model for coupled atmosphere and ocean systems with a rough interface,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 111, 1025–1040 (2010).
[Crossref]

S. W. Bailey, B. A. Franz, and P. J. Werdell, “Estimation of near-infrared water-leaving reflectance for satellite ocean color data processing,” Opt. Express 18(7), 7521–7527 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Ahmad, B. A. Franz, C. R. McClain, E. J. Kwiatkowska, J. Werdell, E. P. Shettle, and B. N. Holben, “New aerosol models for the retrieval of aerosol optical thickness and normalized water-leaving radiances from the SeaWiFS and MODIS sensors over coastal regions and open oceans,” Appl. Opt. 49(29), 5545–5560 (2010).
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2009 (8)

P.-W. Zhai, Y. Hu, C. R. Trepte, and P. L. Lucker, “A vector radiative transfer model for coupled atmosphere and ocean systems based on successive order of scattering method,” Opt. Express 17(4), 2057–2079 (2009).
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X. Zhang and L. Hu, “Scattering by pure seawater at high salinity,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12685–12691 (2009).
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J. M. Sullivan and M. S. Twardowski, “Angular shape of the oceanic particulate volume scattering function in the backward direction,” Appl. Opt. 48(35), 6811–6819 (2009).
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C. P. Kuchinke, H. R. Gordon, and B. A. Franz, “Spectral optimization for constituent retrieval in Case 2 waters I: Implementation and performance,” Remote Sens. Environ. 113(3), 571–587 (2009).
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2008 (1)

Y. Huot, A. Morel, M. S. Twardowski, D. Stramski, and R. A. Reynolds, “Particle optical backscattering along a chlorophyll gradient in the upper layer of the eastern South Pacific Ocean,” Biogeosciences 5(2), 495–507 (2008).
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2007 (1)

M. Wang and W. Shi, “The NIR-SWIR combined atmospheric correction approach for MODIS ocean color data processing,” Opt. Express 15(24), 15722–15733 (2007).
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2006 (1)

C. D. G. Harley, A. Randall Hughes, K. M. Hultgren, B. G. Miner, C. J. B. Sorte, C. S. Thornber, L. F. Rodriguez, L. Tomanek, and S. L. Williams, “The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems,” Ecol. Lett. 9(2), 228–241 (2006).
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2005 (1)

J. Chowdhary, B. Cairns, M. I. Mishchenko, P. V. Hobbs, G. F. Cota, J. Redemann, K. Rutledge, B. N. Holben, and E. Russell, “Retrieval of aerosol scattering and absorption properties from photopolarimetric observations over the ocean during the CLAMS experiment,” J. Atmos. Sci. 62(4), 1093–1117 (2005).
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2004 (1)

D. Stramski, E. Boss, D. Bogucki, and K. J. Voss, “The role of seawater constituents in light backscattering in the ocean,” Prog. Oceanogr. 61(1), 27–56 (2004).
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2003 (3)

M. Babin, D. Stramski, G. M. Ferrari, H. Claustre, A. Bricaud, G. Obolensky, and N. Hoepffner, “Variations in the light absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, nonalgal particles, and dissolved organic matter in coastal waters around Europe,” J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 108(C7), 3211 (2003).
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2002 (1)

C. D. Mobley, L. K. Sundman, and E. Boss, “Phase function effects on oceanic light fields,” Appl. Opt. 41(6), 1035–1050 (2002).
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2001 (1)

R. M. Chomko and H. R. Gordon, “Atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery: test of the spectral optimization algorithm with the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor,” Appl. Opt. 40(18), 2973–2984 (2001).
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1999 (1)

B. Cairns, E. E. Russell, and L. D. Travis, “Research scanning polarimeter: calibration and ground-based measurements,” Proc. SPIE 3754, 1–11 (1999).

1998 (2)

R. M. Chomko and H. R. Gordon, “Atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery: use of the junge power-law aerosol size distribution with variable refractive index to handle aerosol absorption,” Appl. Opt. 37(24), 5560–5572 (1998).
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1997 (3)

F. Zhao and T. Nakajima, “Simultaneous determination of water-leaving reflectance and aerosol optical thickness from Coastal Zone Color Scanner measurements,” Appl. Opt. 36(27), 6949–6956 (1997).
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1994 (3)

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1993 (1)

L. Kou, D. Labrie, and P. Chylek, “Refractive indices of water and ice in the 0.65- to 2.5-μm spectral range,” Appl. Opt. 32(19), 3531–3540 (1993).
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1988 (1)

H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, R. H. Evans, J. W. Brown, R. C. Smith, K. S. Baker, and D. K. Clark, “A semianalytic radiance model of ocean color,” J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 93(D9), 10909–10924 (1988).
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1984 (1)

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1974 (1)

J. E. Hansen and L. D. Travis, “Light scattering in planetary atmospheres,” Space Sci. Rev. 16(4), 527–610 (1974).
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1973 (1)

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Boss, E.

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Fig. 1 The flow chart for the retrieval optimization and synthetic measurement simulation. Each model listed in the chart is discussed in details in the corresponding section.

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Fig. 2 The success rate with respect to the critical cost function value

χ_{c}^{2}

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Fig. 3 The retrieved and true wind speed are compared for fine mode volume fraction f_v = 95%, 50% and 10% and the relative humidity RH = 50% and 95%, and aerosol optical depth τ_a(550nm)=0.05, 0.15 and 0.3. The vertical bar shows the retrieval uncertainty determined through the variation of retrieved values. Solid line incidates the true wind speed value of 5m/s.

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Fig. 4 The retrieved and true aerosol size distribution comparison for the same cases shown in Fig. 3. The true aerosol size distribution are shown in black. The retrieval results for three different optical depths are shown in blue, green and red, where the vertical variations represent the retrieval uncertainty.

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Fig. 5 The comparison between the retrieved and true volume averaged refractive indices for the same cases shown in Fig. 3.

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Fig. 6 The retrieved and true aerosol optical depth(τ_a) for the same cases as in Fig. 3.

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Fig. 7 Same as Fig. 3 but for the aerosol single scattering albedo.

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Fig. 8 Same as Fig. 3, but for the aerosol backscattering fraction.

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Fig. 9 Same as Fig. 6 but for the aerosol backscatteing optical depth τ_B defined in Eq. (7).

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Fig. 10 Same as Fig. 9 but for percentage difference between the retrieved and true backscattering optical depth.

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Fig. 11 Examples of the TOA water-leaving reflectance spectra (

ρ_{a}^{TOA}

) and its percentage in the total reflectance (

100 \times ρ_{w}^{TOA} / ρ_{I}

) for τ_a(550nm) = 0.15, RH = 50% and f_v = 50%.

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Fig. 12 The comparison between the true and retrieved TOA water leaving signal (

ρ_{w}^{TOA}

) for τ_a(550nm) = 0.05.

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Fig. 13 Same as Fig. 12 but with τ_a(550nm) = 0.15.

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Fig. 14 Same as Fig. 12, but with τ_a(550nm) = 0.3.

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Fig. 15 The comparison between the retrieved and true b_b/(a + b_b) for τ_a(550nm) = 0.15.

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Tables (6)

Table 1 Retrieval parameters for aerosols and wind speed. Min., Max. and Init. are the minimum and maximum values allowed and the initial values used in retrieval. m_r and m_i are the real and imaginary refractive indices. V_i is the column volume density defined in Eq. (5). (^*The initial V_i is determined by assuming aerosol optical depth of 0.1 with fine mode volume fraction of 50%.)

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Table 2 Same as Table 1 but for the retrieval parameters of the bio-optical model as defined in Eqs. (9)–(11).

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Table 3 The true and retrieved effective radii for fine mode (r_eff,f) and coarse mode (r_eff,c) in μm derived from the aerosol size distributions shown in Fig. 4. The first row for each RH case shows the true effective radii.

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Table 4 The comparison between the true and retrieved TOA water leaving signal in terms of fitting slope, bias, correlation, and RMS for band 410nm, 550nm and 670nm and τ_a(550nm) = 0.05 same as Fig. 12. The first column shows the fine mode volume fraction (f_v).

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Table 5 Same as Table 4 but for τ_a(550nm) = 0.15 and Fig. 13.

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Table 6 Same as Table 4 but for τ_a(550nm) = 0.3 and Fig. 14.

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Equations (11)

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ρ_{t} = π L_{t} / [F_{0} cos θ_{0}], ρ_{Q} = π Q_{t} / [F_{0} cos θ_{0}], ρ_{U} = π U_{t} / [F_{0} cos θ_{0}],

χ^{2} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i} (\frac{{[ρ_{t} (i) - ρ_{t}^{f} (x; i)]}^{2}}{σ_{t}^{2} (i)} + \frac{{[ρ_{Q} (i) - ρ_{Q}^{f} (x; i)]}^{2}}{σ_{Q}^{2} (i)})

σ_{t}^{2} = 2 σ_{f}^{2} / {cos}^{2} θ_{0} + σ_{s} ρ_{t} / cos θ_{0} + σ_{c}^{2} ρ_{t}^{2},

σ_{Q}^{2} = 2 σ_{f}^{2} / {cos}^{2} θ_{0} + σ_{s} ρ_{t} / cos θ_{0} + σ_{c}^{2} ρ_{Q}^{2} + σ_{p}^{2} {(ρ_{I} + | ρ_{Q} |)}^{2},

\frac{d v}{d ln r} = \sum_{i = 1}^{6} \frac{V_{i}}{\sqrt{2 π} σ_{i}} exp [- \frac{{(ln r - ln r_{i})}^{2}}{2 σ_{i}^{2}}]

τ_{a} = \sum_{i = 1}^{6} C_{ext, i} \frac{3 V_{i}}{4 π r_{i}^{3}} exp (4.5 σ_{i}^{2})

τ_{B} = τ_{a} \times α \times B_{a}

a_{ph} = A_{ph} (λ) {[Chla]}^{E_{ph} (λ)}

a_{dg} = a_{dg} (440) exp [- S_{dg} (λ - 440)]

b_{bp} = b_{bp} (660) {(λ / 660)}^{- S_{bp}}

B_{p} = B_{p} (660) {(λ / 660)}^{- S_{B p}}

Parameter	[Chla]	a_dg(440)	b_bp(660)	B_p(660)	S_dg	S_bp	S_Bp
Unit	mg/m³	m⁻¹	m⁻¹		nm⁻¹	nm⁻¹	nm⁻¹
Min.	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.01	0.0	−0.2
Max.	30.0	2.5	0.1	0.05	0.02	0.5	0.2
Init.	15.0	1.0	0.05	0.01	0.015	0.3	0.01

RH	τ_a(550nm)	f_v=95%		f_v=50%		f_v=10%
RH	τ_a(550nm)	r_eff,f	r_eff,c	r_eff,f	r_eff,c	r_eff,f	r_eff,c
50%	(true)	0.14	1.98	0.14	1.98	0.14	1.98
	0.05	0.14±0.02	3.02±0.66	0.13±0.02	2.11±0.16	0.12±0.02	1.98±0.06
	0.15	0.14±0.01	2.68±0.57	0.14±0.02	1.96±0.07	0.13±0.01	2.12±0.10
	0.3	0.13±0.01	2.45±0.31	0.13±0.01	1.93±0.03	0.14±0.02	2.11±0.05

95%	(true)	0.22	4.43	0.22	4.43	0.22	4.43
	0.05	0.17±0.03	3.34±1.02	0.18±0.04	4.80±0.79	0.16±0.04	4.48±0.75
	0.15	0.22±0.03	3.55±0.88	0.20±0.03	4.74±0.42	0.18±0.03	4.91±0.21
	0.3	0.19±0.03	3.57±0.59	0.17±0.03	4.71±0.49	0.18±0.03	4.96±0.16

f_v	wavelength	410nm		550nm		670 nm
	RH	50%	95%	50%	95%	50%	95%
95%	slope	0.9373	0.9138	0.9962	0.9696	0.9851	0.9851
	bias	−0.0003	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	0.0001	0.0001
	corr	0.8868	0.9015	0.9897	0.9924	0.9933	0.9943
	RMS	0.0012	0.0011	0.0008	0.0007	0.0005	0.0005

50%	slope	0.8547	0.9620	0.9745	0.9814	0.9798	0.9798
	bias	−0.0001	−0.0001	0.0002	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001
	corr	0.8873	0.9152	0.9906	0.9931	0.9934	0.9950
	RMS	0.0010	0.0010	0.0007	0.0007	0.0005	0.0004

10%	slope	0.8702	0.9194	0.9740	0.9790	0.9830	0.9830
	bias	−0.0007	−0.0002	−0.0002	−0.0002	−0.0002	−0.0002
	corr	0.9005	0.9341	0.9920	0.9943	0.9944	0.9953
	RMS	0.0010	0.0009	0.0007	0.0006	0.0005	0.0004

f_v	wavelength	410nm		550nm		670 nm
	RH	50%	95%	50%	95%	50%	95%
95%	slope	0.8513	1.0618	1.0095	1.0069	1.0088	1.0088
	bias	−0.0004	−0.0003	0.0001	−0.0002	0.0001	0.0001
	corr	0.7580	0.8064	0.9732	0.9820	0.9854	0.9866
	RMS	0.0017	0.0017	0.0013	0.0010	0.0007	0.0007

50%	slope	0.6210	0.7768	0.9570	0.9581	0.9668	0.9668
	bias	0.0009	0.0006	0.0010	0.0003	0.0006	0.0006
	corr	0.6000	0.8243	0.9651	0.9896	0.9791	0.9924
	RMS	0.0018	0.0013	0.0013	0.0008	0.0008	0.0005

10%	slope	0.8666	0.8379	0.9765	0.9584	0.9747	0.9747
	bias	−0.0007	0.0001	−0.0003	−0.0004	−0.0001	−0.0001
	corr	0.8712	0.8436	0.9901	0.9848	0.9937	0.9889
	RMS	0.0012	0.0014	0.0008	0.0010	0.0005	0.0007

f_v	wavelength	410nm		550 nm		670nm
	RH	50%	95%	50%	95%	50%	95%
95%	slope	0.5341	0.8619	0.9348	0.9481	0.9683	0.9683
	bias	0.0001	−0.0002	0.0008	−0.0001	0.0004	0.0004
	corr	0.5157	0.6631	0.9406	0.9671	0.9719	0.9788
	RMS	0.0020	0.0022	0.0017	0.0014	0.0010	0.0009

50%	slope	0.5686	0.7273	0.9263	0.9194	0.9586	0.9586
	bias	0.0002	0.0006	0.0008	−0.0002	0.0003	0.0003
	corr	0.5501	0.6839	0.9535	0.9787	0.9820	0.9854
	RMS	0.0020	0.0019	0.0015	0.0011	0.0008	0.0008

10%	slope	0.6426	0.8377	0.9320	0.9664	0.9886	0.9886
	bias	0.0006	0.0009	0.0009	−0.0004	0.0001	0.0001
	corr	0.6683	0.7526	0.9658	0.9762	0.9857	0.9840
	RMS	0.0018	0.0017	0.0013	0.0012	0.0007	0.0008

Parameter	V_i	m_r	m_i	Wind speed
Unit	μm³μm⁻²			m/s
Min.	0.0	1.1	0.0	0.0
Max.	1.0	1.6	0.03	10.0
Init.	^*	1.45	0.01	3.0